Manuka honey (MH) has been established as an antimicrobial agent with potent activity against a diverse range of multidrug-resistant pathogens, including the ESKAPE group. The antimicrobial effect is based on a multimodal mechanism of action involving methylglyoxal (MGO), hydrogen peroxide, polyphenols, osmotic pressure, and bee-derived antimicrobial peptides. It inhibits bacterial cell division, compromises membrane integrity, induces oxidative stress, and modulates gene expression related to virulence, including quorum sensing and biofilm maturation. MH exhibits consistent efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other recalcitrant organisms, with a remarkably low propensity for the development of stable resistance. MH has also augmented the efficacy of various antibiotics for effectively sensitizing resistant strains and enhancing biofilm eradication. Its antifungal activity against Candida species, further broadens its therapeutic spectrum. Together, these properties position MH as a clinically relevant adjunct or alternative to conventional antimicrobials, particularly in chronic wound care.



