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Spectroscopic Advances towards the Fundamental Understanding of CeOx Interfaces in Model Catalysis Reactions

  • Jinyang Xu 1,2,   
  • Wei Sun 1,2,   
  • Zhaofeng Liang 3,   
  • Hongbing Wang 1,2,   
  • Lei Xie 3,   
  • Bingbao Mei 3,   
  • Jingyuan Ma 3,   
  • Fei Song 1,2,3,*

Received: 20 Mar 2026 | Revised: 23 Apr 2026 | Accepted: 29 Apr 2026 | Published: 20 May 2026

Abstract

Synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy has revolutionized the study of cerium oxide (CeOx) model catalysts by providing unprecedented insight into their structure-activity relationships. Techniques such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy (RPES) have played pivotal roles in characterizing the concentration, electronic consequences, and reactivity of oxygen vacancies (Ovs), as well as the Ce3+/Ce4+ redox couple, under in situ and operando conditions. Recent advances in Near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) have further enabled the direct observation of surface intermediates and dynamic changes in cerium oxidation state during catalytic reactions, thereby moving beyond the limitations of idealized ultra-high-vacuum studies. Looking forward, the next frontier lies in exploiting the high spatial resolution of nano-focused X-ray beams and the ultrafast time resolution of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) to identify active sites and capture transient species throughout catalytic cycles. These advanced synchrotron techniques are expected to play an essential role in guiding the rational design of next-generation CeOx-based catalysts for energy and environmental applications.

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Xu, J.; Sun, W.; Liang, Z.; Wang, H.; Xie, L.; Mei, B.; Ma, J.; Song, F. Spectroscopic Advances towards the Fundamental Understanding of CeOx Interfaces in Model Catalysis Reactions. Advanced Characterization 2026, 1 (1), 22–39.
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