Human Exposure to Microplastics from Food-Contact and Daily-Contact Materials: Current Evidence and Perspectives

Lida Zhao; Bo Hu; Qingyuan Xia; Sha Huang; Shuting Zhuang

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs), originating from the degradation of ubiquitous plastic materials, have raised significant concerns about their potential risks to human health. Increasing evidence has substantiated the occurrence of MPs across diverse human tissues and biological fluids, highlighting potential risks to multiple organ systems. We summarize current knowledge on the presence and possible health implications of MPs in the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, reproductive, and cutaneous systems. Particular attention is given to exposure via food-contact materials, including commercial water bottles, disposable cups, infant feeding bottles and teats, takeaway food containers, kitchenware, food-storage containers, and tea bags, which represent frequent and direct sources of MPs ingestion. Moreover, we discuss MPs release from other daily-contact products, such as oral care and skincare formulations, textiles, protective equipment, and medical devices. By integrating available findings, this review aims to enhance scientific and public awareness and offer practical strategies to reduce daily microplastic exposure.

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