Transition Metal Catalysts in Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes: Structural Features, Activation Mechanisms and Applications

Yong Liu

doi:10.53941/emt.2026.100015

Abstract

Transition metal (TM) catalysts play a pivotal role in persulfate (PS)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) due to their tunable electronic structures and versatile activation mechanisms. These catalysts enable PS activation through both homogeneous and heterogeneous pathways. In homogeneous systems, the catalytic activity is governed by the elemental composition and ligand coordination of TM. For heterogeneous systems, the catalytic activity of TM active site depends dominantly on its electronic states, which are critically regulated by intrinsic structural features, including particle size, crystalline phase, surface defect density, and the coordination micro-environments. To enhance the activity and stability of TM catalysts, strategic support-loading approaches have been developed, where catalytic performance is also synergistically determined by the support’s structure and metal-support interactions. Accordingly, TM catalysts with various structures synthesized by various synthesis methods have been developed to activate PS. This review systematically summarized recent advances in the rational design of TM catalysts, focusing on: (1) synthesis methods and corresponding structure features of TM catalysts; (2) PS activation mechanisms by TM catalysts with different structure features and the catalytic activity enhancement strategies. Moreover, key factors influencing the emerging contaminants (ECs) degradation efficiency in TM-activated PS systems, such as pH, coexisting anions, and dissolved organic matter alongside the enhancement strategies were discussed. Finally, the challenges and future research directions were proposed. This review will deepen the understanding of the structural features, activation mechanisms and applications of TM catalysts in PS-based AOPs, and promote the design and development of advanced and practical application-oriented TM catalysts for the treatment of ECs in water and wastewater.

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