Continuously Selective Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide over Carbon-Nitrogen Catalysts for Sustainable Environment—A Review

Hanfeng Ye; Fei Zhao; Shihuan Lyu; Zhiqi Wen; Dapeng Wu; Can Yang

doi:10.53941/ges.2026.100001

Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a highly toxic and corrosive gas emitted from natural, industrial and agricultural processes, poses severe risks to human health, infrastructure, and environment safety. Although the traditional Claus process has been widely used for H₂S removal, thermodynamic constraints lead to the residue of 3–5% H₂S in the tail gas, necessitating advanced technologies for further transformation and purification. Continuously selective oxidation of H2S (H₂S-CSO) has emerged as a promising technology that can achieve near-complete sulfur recovery and ensure compliance with emission regulations. Carbon-nitrogen catalysts show significant potential to replace metal-based catalysts in the H₂S-CSO process due to their tunable electronic structures, cost-effectiveness, and resistance to sulfur poisoning. This review comprehensively summarizes the major milestones in the development of carbon-nitrogen catalysts for H₂S-CSO process. We focus on key advances, including construction of active sites (e.g., pyridinic N and metal single atoms), regulation of surface electronic structure (e.g., via elemental doping and defect engineering), the use of supports, optimization of pore structure to facilitate both reactants (H₂S and O₂) adsorption and sulfur desorption processes. These modifications are critically discussed in relation to catalytic performance and stability, so as to unveil the underlying structure-activity relationships. Despite these advances, review articles dedicated to carbon-nitrogen catalysts for H₂S-CSO remain scarce, and this work aims to fill that gap. Current challenges such as sulfur poisoning, SO₂ over-oxidation, and catalyst scalability are addressed, along with future directions for the rational design of robust carbon-nitrogen catalysts aimed at sustainable H₂S treatment and sulfur resource recovery.

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