IJAMM/
Articles/
2504000124
  • Open Access
  • Article
A Wide-Beam Antenna for Automotive Radar Based on Improved Particle Swarm Algorithm
  • Bin Wang 1,   
  • ZhenHua Li 1,   
  • Shufei Yin 1, 2, *

Received: 26 Aug 2024 | Revised: 09 Sep 2024 | Accepted: 11 Sep 2024 | Published: 23 Sep 2024

Abstract

The traditional automotive corner radar antenna has the problem that the horizontal filled of view (FOV) is not large enough, which affects wide detection area capability and driving safety. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes a wide-beam antenna design method for automotive corner radar based on improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm. The mathematical model of comb-line antenna for 77 GHz corner radar is established and combined with the IPSO algorithm to achieve wide beam. The algorithm avoids the search process falling into local optimum by introducing an adaptive shrinkage factor and chaotic disturbance when the non-superior particle position is updated. The computational results show that the convergence of the IPSO algorithm is significantly better than standard particle swarm optimization (SPSO) in wide beam forming under the same number of iterations.

References 

  • 1.
    Mukherjee, A.; Sarkar, D. Compact MIMO Radar of Improved Angular Resolution Using Interleaved Array Geometry. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2024, 73, 6158–6170.
  • 2.
    Pirkani; Norouzian, F.; Cherniakov, M.; Gashinova, M. Adaptive Digital Beamforming for Radar Interference Mitigation. In Proceedings of the 2024 International Radar Symposium (IRS), Wroclaw, Poland, 2–4 July 2024; pp. 12–17.
  • 3.
    Chen, H.; Zhang, X.; Shen, Y.; Shen, L. A Study of Performance Assessment in Automotive Millimeter Wave Radar Industry. In Proceedings of the 2024 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), Chengdu, China, 20 January 2024; pp. 1–9.
  • 4.
    Ren, Q.; Bencivenni, C.; Carluccio, G.; Shivamurthy, H.T.; De Graauw, A.; Jansen, F.; Zaman, A.U. Gapwaveguide Automotive Imaging Radar Antenna with Launcher in Package Technology. IEEE Access 2023, 11, 37483–37493.
  • 5.
    Zang, Z.; Zaman, A.U.; Yang, J. Single Layer Dual Circularly Polarized Antenna Array Based on Ridge Gap Waveguide for 77 GHz Automotive Radar. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2022, 70, 5977–5982.
  • 6.
    Fang, C.; Su, M.; Liu, Y. A Low Side Lobe Level Microstrip Antenna Array for 77 GHz Automotive Radar. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), Chengdu, China, 11–14 December 2020; pp. 448–452.
  • 7.
    Xu, J.; Hong, W.; Zhang, H.; Wang, G.; Yu, Y.; Jiang, Z.H. An Array Antenna for Both Long- and Medium-Range 77 GHz Automotive Radar Applications. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2017, 65, 7207–7216.
  • 8.
    Zhang, W.; Li, N.; Zheng, Z.; Shi, L.; Li, Z.; Yu, J.; Kasper, E. Passive and Active Verification of Serial-Fed Patch Antenna Array for 77 GHz Automotive Corner Radar. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS), Shanghai, China, 20–23 September 2020; pp. 1–3.
  • 9.
    Yu, Y.; Hong, W.; Zhang, H.; Xu, J.; Jiang, Z.H. Optimization and Implementation of SIW Slot Array for Both Medium- and Long-Range 77 GHz Automotive Radar Application. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2018, 66, 3769–3774.
  • 10.
    Pazare, N.; Kamble, V. A 77 GHz Microstrip Comb-Line Antenna Array for Automotive RADAR application. In Proceedings of the 2022 Antenna Measurement Techniques Association Symposium (AMTA), Denver, CO, USA, 9–14 October2022; pp. 1–5.
  • 11.
    Hamberger, G.F.; Spath, S.; Siart, U.; Eibert, T.F. A mixed circular/linear dual-polarized phased array concept for automotive radar-planar antenna designs and system evaluation at 78 GHz. IEEE Trans. 2019, 67, 1562–1572.
  • 12.
    Jian, B.; Yuan, J.; Liu, Q. Procedure to Design a Series-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for 77 GHz Automotive Radar. In Proceedings of the 2019 Cross Strait Quad- Regional Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference (CSQRWC), Taiyuan, China, 18–21 July 2019; pp. 1–2.
  • 13.
    Yoo, S.; Milyakh, Y.; Kim, H.; Hong, C.; Choo, H. Patch Array Antenna Using a Dual Coupled Feeding Structure for 79 GHz Automotive Radar Applications. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2020, 19, 676–679.
  • 14.
    Yasini, S.; Mohammadpour-Aghdam, K. Design and simulation of a Comb-line fed microstrip antenna array with low side lobe level at 77 GHz for automotive collision avoidance radar. In Proceedings of the 2016 Fourth International Conference on Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technologies (MMWaTT), Tehran, 20–22 December 2016; pp. 87–90.
  • 15.
    Park, D.-H. Design and Analysis of Single Beam Parabolic Reflector Antenna in LTCC for Millimeter Wave Automotive Radar. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Antennas, Communications and Electronic Systems (COMCAS), Tel-Aviv, Israel, 4–6 November 2019; pp. 1–3.
  • 16.
    Nagaishi, H.; Kuriyama, A.; Kuroda, H.; Kitayama, A. Horn and Prism Antenna for Dual Range and Dual FOV Automotive Radar Using 77-GHz Band. In Proceedings of the 2018 18th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (ANTEM), Waterloo, ON, Canada, 19–22 August 2018; pp. 1–2.
  • 17.
    Kuriyama, A.; Nagaishi, H.; Kuroda, H.; Takano, K. A high efficiency antenna with horn and lens for 77 GHz automotive long range radar. In Proceedings of the 2016 European Radar Conference (EuRAD), London, UK, 5–7 October 2016; pp. 378–381.
  • 18.
    Garcia-Tejero, A.; Burgos-Garcia, M.; Merli, F. High-Efficiency Injection-Molded Waveguide Horn Antenna Array for 76–81 GHz Automotive Radar Applications. In Proceedings of the 2022 19th European Radar Conference (EuRAD), Milan, Italy, 28–30 September 2022.
  • 19.
    Ranade, S.R.; Nair, D.U. Design of a substrate integrated waveguide H plane Horn antenna on a PTFE substrate for automotive radar application. In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Applied Electromagnetics Conference (AEMC), Kolkata, India, 18–22 December 2011.
  • 20.
    Kumar, A.; Srivastava, S. High Gain Three Dimensional SIW Horn Antenna Array for Automotive Radar Applications. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and RF Conference (IMaRC), Kolkata, India, 28–30 November 2018; pp. 1–4.
  • 21.
    Saleem, M.K.; Vettikaladi, H.; Alkanhal, M.A.S.; Himdi, M. Lens Antenna for Wide Angle Beam Scanning at 79 GHz for Automotive Short Range Radar Applications. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2017, 65, 2041–2046.
  • 22.
    Liu, Y.; Bai, G.; Yagoub, M.C.E. A 79 GHz Series Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Bandwidth Enhancement and Sidelobe Suppression. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Radar, Antenna, Microwave, Electronics, and Telecommunications (ICRAMET), Tangerang, Indonesia, 18–20 November 2020; pp. 155–158.
  • 23.
    Shi, M.; Wu, Q.; Yu, C.; Wang, H.; Hong, W. Broadband Center-Fed SIW Slot Array Antenna with Multi-Layer Transition for 79 GHz Automotive Radar. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Xi’an, China, 27–30 October 2019; pp. 1–3.
  • 24.
    Kornprobst, J.; Mittermaier, T.J.; Eibert, T.F. A Millimeter-Wave Self-Mixing Array with Large Gain and Wide Angular Receiving Range. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2018, 66, 702–711.
  • 25.
    Sun, J.; Zhang, X.; Leyao, W. A Groove Gap Waveguide Antenna System for 77GHz Automotive Radar Applications. In Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 11th Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP), Guangzhou, China, 15 July 2023; pp. 1–2.
  • 26.
    Chen, X.; Qin, P.-Y.; Guo, Y.J.; Fu, G. Low-profile and wide beamwidth dual-polarized distributed microstrip antenna. IEEE Access 2017, 5, 2272–2280.
  • 27.
    Kornprobst, J.; Wang, K.; Hamberger, G.; Eibert, T.F. A mm-wave patch antenna with broad bandwidth and a wide angular range. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2017, 65, 4293–4298.
  • 28.
    Liu, C.-M.; Xiao, S.; Zhang, Z.; Feng, J. Low profile SIW slot antenna with wide beam-width radiation pattern. Electron. Lett. 2018, 54, 116–118.
  • 29.
    Yu, C.A.; Li, E.S.; Jin, H.; Cao, Y.; Su, G.R.; Che, W.; Chin, K.S. 24 GHz Horizontally Polarized Automotive Antenna Arrays with Wide Fan Beam and High Gain. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2019, 67, 892–904.
  • 30.
    Cheng, Y.-F.; Ding, X.; Shao, W.; Yu, M.-X.; Wang, B.-Z. 2-D Planar Wide-Angle Scanning-Phased Array Based on Wide-Beam Elements. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2017, 16, 876–879.
  • 31.
    Su, G.-R.; Li, E.S.; Kuo, T.-W.; Jin, H.; Chiang, Y.-C.; Chin, K.-S. 79-GHz Wide-Beam Microstrip Patch Antenna and Antenna Array for Millimeter-Wave Applications. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 200823–200833.
  • 32.
    Lee, J.-H.; Lee, J.M.; Hwang, K.C. Sector-Beam Antennas for Wide Detection Area in 79 GHz Automotive Short Range Radar (SRR) Sensor. In Proceedings of the 2018 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Kyoto, Japan, 6–9 November 2018; pp. 39–40.
  • 33.
    Jinghu, S.; Li, H.; Yuanyuan, Z.; Di, Z. A 77GHz Millimeter Radar Flat-Shoulder Beam Array Antenna Design. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition (iWEM), Guangzhou, China, 7–9 November 2021; pp. 1–3.
  • 34.
    Nysaeter, A. Two-way MIMO Sparse Array Antenna Optimization with NSGA-III. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20), Florence, Italy, 21–25 September 2020; pp. 1–6.
  • 35.
    Hamza, A.; Qureshi, K.K.; Sheikh, S.I.; Attia, H. Linear and Planar Antenna Array Nulling based on Schelkunoff Polynomial and Genetic Algorithm. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), San Antonio, TX, USA, 2–29 January 2020; pp. 112–115.
  • 36.
    Yang, G.; Qin, Z.; Ji, Y.; Fang, G. W-Band MIMO Radar Array Optimization and Improved Back-projection Algorithm for Far-Field Imaging. In Proceedings of the 2019 44th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Paris, France, 1–6 September 2019; pp. 1–2.
  • 37.
    He, X.; Alistarh, C.; Podilchak, S.K. Optimal MIMO Sparse Array Design Based on Simulated Annealing Particle Swarm Optimization. In Proceedings of the 2022 16th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Madrid, Spain, 27 March–1 April 2022; pp. 1–5.
  • 38.
    Han, Y.; Zhang, D.; Huang, C.; Jiang, J.; Zhou, L. A 60GHz Series-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Millimeter Wave Automotive Radar Application. In Proceedings of the 2024 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), Chengdu, China, 21–25 April 2024; pp. 1–7.
  • 39.
    Heo, J.M.; Kim, K.; Choi, J.; Byun, G. Optically Transparent Series-Fed Microstrip Array with Small Inter-Element Spacing and Stepped Feed-Lines for Antenna-on-Display. IEEE Access 2024, 12, 99684–99692.
  • 40.
    Song, H.; Fan, Q.; Wang, Y.; Li, Z. A Millimeter-Wave Wideband Patch Array Antenna with Parallel Connected Series-Fed Network. In Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology (iWAT), Sendai, Japan, 15–18 April 2024; pp. 153–155.
Share this article:
Download PDF
DOI
10.53941/ijamm.2024.100016
Issue
Volume 3, Issue 3
How to Cite
Wang, B.; Li, Z.; Yin, S. A Wide-Beam Antenna for Automotive Radar Based on Improved Particle Swarm Algorithm. International Journal of Automotive Manufacturing and Materials 2024, 3 (3), 4. https://doi.org/10.53941/ijamm.2024.100016.
RIS
BibTex
Copyright & License
article copyright Image
Copyright (c) 2024 by the authors.