Chemical analysis and biological activity of Phycocyanin: an overview

Vittoria Giraud Baldi; Attilio Anzano; Bruna de Falco; Laura Grauso; Virginia Lanzotti

doi:10.53941/npa.2026.100008

Abstract

Phycocyanin, a water-soluble phycobiliprotein primarily found in cyanobacteria such as Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina), currently represents one of the most commercially valuable bioproducts in the sustainable biotechnology sector. Thanks to its characteristic linear tetrapyrrole chromophore, phycocyanobilin, this molecule not only plays a crucial role in photosynthesis but also exhibits unique physicochemical properties, including distinct fluorescence and an intense blue color. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of recent advances regarding the chemical analysis and biological activities of phycocyanin. In the first section, the focus is placed on analytical methodologies, detailing extraction strategies (such as freeze-thaw and ultrasonication) and purification techniques (including ion-exchange chromatography and ultrafiltration) necessary to preserve its structural integrity, which is sensitive to pH and temperature fluctuations. Furthermore, the use of advanced techniques such as HPLC-DAD, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry for its characterization and quantification is examined. The second part of the work explores the broad spectrum of documented bioactivities, with particular emphasis on its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, mediated by the modulation of enzymes such as COX-2. The potential anticancer, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial effects of the molecule are also discussed. Finally, the review addresses current challenges related to the stability and bioavailability of phycocyanin, outlining future perspectives for its use as a functional ingredient in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors, highlighting its role as a key compound for human health and the green industry.

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