SMD/
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2509001425
  • Open Access
  • Review

Superplasticity and Superelasticity of Structural-Functional Alloys

  • Chenlu Pan 1,   
  • Huixiang Lu 1,   
  • Ke Zhang 1,   
  • Aiying Chen 1,   
  • Zhiyi Ding 1, *,   
  • Feiyang Liu 2,   
  • Andriy Lifanov 2

Received: 19 Aug 2025 | Revised: 01 Sep 2025 | Accepted: 24 Sep 2025 | Published: 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Shape-memory alloys (SMAs) inherently possess dual actuation and sensing capabilities. Excellent superelasticity and fatigue resistance are crucial for the service reliability and stability of SMAs. This review summarizes the microstructure, functional properties, strengthening mechanisms, and failure mechanisms of the most widely used NiTi-based SMA, Gum Metals, novel NiMn-based SMAs, and newly developed Fe-based alloys. The high strength and toughness of NiTi SMA contribute to its excellent fatigue performance, achieved through microalloying, structural design, and grain size engineering. Texture toughening strategies overcome the intergranular brittleness inherent in traditional NiMn-based SMAs. Alloy design strategies enable the development of iron-based superelastic alloys exhibiting near-constant critical stress temperature dependence, overcoming the conventional limitation in superelastic alloys where critical stress decreases significantly with decreasing temperature. The principles and implementation strategies for controlling superelasticity and superplasticity in SMAs provide valuable guidance for designing and applying structure-function-integrated materials.

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Pan, C.; Lu, H.; Zhang, K.; Chen, A.; Ding, Z.; Liu, F.; Lifanov, A. Superplasticity and Superelasticity of Structural-Functional Alloys. Smart Materials and Devices 2025, 1 (1), 3.
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