This opinion paper examines the rapidly evolving landscape of climate-related litigation against states and public entities, analyzing how these legal challenges are reshaping climate governance and accountability mechanisms. Drawing on landmark cases from diverse jurisdictions, this analysis traces the evolution of legal arguments—from early rights-based claims to emerging doctrines centered on fiduciary obligations and intergenerational equity. The analysis would explore courts’ shifting interpretations of governmental climate obligations, highlighting the transition from viewing climate action as discretionary policy to recognizing it as a legally enforceable duty. This work critically evaluates litigation’s effectiveness as a climate action tool compared with other regulatory approaches, identifying both its catalytic potential and inherent limitations. By synthesizing recent judicial developments, this work aims to provide timely insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and climate advocates on how litigation is influencing climate policy, driving regulatory innovation, and potentially accelerating the transition to more ambitious climate action.
- Open Access
- Opinion
Climate Litigation Against States: Emerging Trends
- Rūta Slidžiauskaitė-Maskoliūnė
Author Information
Received: 01 Jul 2025 | Revised: 08 Oct 2025 | Accepted: 10 Oct 2025 | Published: 03 Nov 2025
Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
climate litigation | human rights | climate change | environmental law | judicial accountability
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