Developing green energy and sustainable fuels is crucial to overcoming the environmental and resource challenges posed by fossil fuel consumption and dependence. To provide a comprehensive insight into the progress in green energy and fuels, including solar, wind, bioenergy, hydropower, marine, and geothermal energy, this study explores significant advancements and ongoing challenges in various renewable energy sectors. This study also highlights the development of green fuels such as biofuels, hydrogen, ammonia, and synthetic fuels, emphasizing their potential to achieve carbon neutrality and integration into existing infrastructures. Key challenges are identified, such as improving the efficiency and performance of renewable technologies, addressing high initial investment costs, and overcoming policy and social acceptance barriers. The environmental impacts of renewable energy production and resource availability are also discussed. The research underscores the necessity of collaborative efforts, supportive policies, and public engagement to overcome these challenges and achieve a sustainable energy future. This comprehensive overview provides insights into the current state and future prospects of green energy and fuel research for sustainability.