Occurrence and Ecological Risk of Sunscreen-Derived Metallic and Plastic Particles in Marine Environments

Jiale Wang; Ruyi Lan; Ping Wang; Zhuomiao Liu; Ziyi Wang; Mengyao Tao; Meng Wang; Jian Zhao

doi:10.53941/ges.2026.100016

Highlights

Occurrences of sunscreen-derived nZnO and nTiO₂ in coastal waters were positively correlated with tourist activities.
Sunscreen-derived metallic and plastic particles induced physical damage and oxidative stress toward marine organisms after attachment or ingestion.
Both nZnO and nTiO₂ exhibit medium to high ecological risks in some coastal beaches.
Dissolution and photo-aging of sunscreen-derived particles occur in marine environments, thus leading to changes in their toxicity.

Abstract

Sunscreens are extensively applied to protect human skin from ultraviolet radiation, leading to a substantial rise in the release of sunscreen-derived particles into marine environments. These particles, including metallic nanoparticles (e.g., nanosized zinc oxide, nZnO; nanosized titanium dioxide, nTiO₂) and plastic particles (e.g., micro- and nano-plastics, MNPs), are considered emerging contaminants after releasing into marine environment, raising growing concerns regarding their risk to both marine environment and human health. Therefore, this work focuses on these sunscreen-derived particles, and comprehensively reviews their extraction and detection approaches, occurrence, toxicity and ecological risk in marine environments. First, the extraction and detection approaches toward these particles from both original sunscreens and natural samples (e.g., seawater and sediment) are summarized. Based on these approaches, the occurrence of sunscreen-derived particles, primarily nZnO (11.2–14.8 μg/L) and nTiO₂ (6.0–903.1 μg/L), in coastal waters were summarized, which exhibit a significant correlation with tourist activities. Under environmentally relevant concentrations, these particles exhibit significant toxicity (e.g., physical damage and oxidative stress) after being attached or ingested by marine organisms. Based on the calculated risk characterization ratios, both nZnO and nTiO₂ exhibit medium/high risk in some coastal beaches. Additionally, the transformation of sunscreen-derived particles occurs in marine environment, and its role in the toxicity of these particles were further analyzed. Finally, research challenges toward these sunscreen-derived particles are pointed out. This review provides a better understanding of ecological risk of sunscreen-derived metallic and plastic particles in marine environments.

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