Scilight Press

Author Information

Received: 15 Aug 2025 | Revised: 19 Sep 2025 | Accepted: 25 Sep 2025 | Published: 29 Sep 2025

Abstract

Keywords

neutrino telescopes | IceCube | KM3NeT | Cherenkov

References 

• 1.
  Rossi, B. Method of Registering Multiple Simultaneous Impulses of Several Geiger’s Counters. Nature 1930, 125, 636.
• 2.
  Rossi, B. U… ber die Eigenschaften der durchdringenden Korpuskularstrahlung im Meeresniveau. Z. Phys. 1933, 82, 151–173.
• 3.
  Auger, P.; Ehrenfest, P.; Maze, R.; et al. Extensive cosmic ray showers. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1939, 11, 288–291.
• 4.
  Kampert, K.H.; Watson, A.A.; Watson, A.A. Extensive Air Showers and Ultra High-Energy Cosmic Rays: A Historical Review. Eur. Phys. J. H 2012, 37, 359–412.
• 5.
  Penzias, A.A.; Wilson, R.W. A Measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4080-Mc/s. Astrophys. J. 1965, 142, 419–421.
• 6.
  Dicke, R.H.; Peebles, P.J.E.; Roll, P.G.; et al. Cosmic Black-Body Radiation. Astrophys. J. 1965, 142, 414–419.
• 7.
  Greisen, K. End to the cosmic ray spectrum? Phys. Rev. Lett. 1966, 16, 748–750.
• 8.
  Zatsepin, G.T.; Kuzmin, V.A. Upper limit of the spectrum of cosmic rays. JETP Lett. 1966, 4, 78–80.
• 9.
  Gaisser, T.K. Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1990.
• 10.
  Kampert, K.H.; Unger, M. Measurements of the Cosmic Ray Composition with Air Shower Experiments. Astropart. Phys. 2012, 35, 660–678.
• 11.
  Anchordoqui, L.A. Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays. Phys. Rept. 2019, 801, 1–93.
• 12.
  Evans, L.; Bryant, P. LHC Machine. J. Instrum. 2008, 3, S08001.
• 13.
  Ostapchenko, S. Monte Carlo treatment of hadronic interactions in enhanced Pomeron scheme: I. QGSJET-II model. Phys. Rev. D 2011, 83, 014018.
• 14.
  Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; et al. Muons in Air Showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Mean Number in Highly Inclined Events. Phys. Rev. D 2015, 91, 032003.
• 15.
  Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; et al. Testing Hadronic Interactions at Ultrahigh Energies with Air Showers Measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2016, 117, 192001.
• 16.
  Matthews, J. A Heitler model of extensive air showers. Astropart. Phys. 2005, 22, 387–397.
• 17.
  Abraham, J.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; et al. Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Extensive Air Showers above 1018 eV. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 104, 091101.
• 18.
  Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; et al. Depth of Maximum of Air-Shower Profiles at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Measurements at Energies above 1017.8 eV. Phys. Rev. D 2014, 90, 122005.
• 19.
  Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; et al. Combined fit of spectrum and composition data as measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. JCAP 2017, 04, 038.
• 20.
  Unger, M.; Farrar, G.R.; Anchordoqui, L.A. Origin of the ankle in the ultrahigh energy cosmic ray spectrum, and of the extragalactic protons below it. Phys. Rev. D 2015, 92, 123001.
• 21.
  Kotera, K.; Olinto, A.V. The Astrophysics of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2011, 49, 119–153.
• 22.
  Ahlers, M.; Halzen, F. Minimal Cosmogenic Neutrinos. Phys. Rev. D 2012, 86, 083010.
• 23.
  Berezinsky, V.; Gazizov, A.Z.; Grigorieva, S.I. On astrophysical solution to ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. Phys. Rev. D 2006, 74, 043005.
• 24.
  Aloisio, R.; Berezinsky, V.; Blasi, P. Ultra high energy cosmic rays: implications of Auger data for source spectra and chemical composition. JCAP 2014, 10, 020.
• 25.
  Hillas, A.M. The Origin of Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1984, 22, 425–444.
• 26.
  Alvarez-Muiz, J. Ultra-high energy neutrinos: Status and prospects. PoS 2017, 301, 1111.
• 27.
  Halzen, F.; Klein, S.R. IceCube: An Instrument for Neutrino Astronomy. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2010, 81, 081101.
• 28.
  Connolly, A.; Thorne, R.S.; Waters, D. Calculation of High Energy Neutrino-Nucleon Cross Sections and Uncertainties Using the MSTW Parton Distribution Functions and Implications for Future Experiments. Phys. Rev. D 2011, 83, 113009.
• 29.
  Abraham, J.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; et al. Upper limit on the diffuse flux of UHE tau neutrinos from the Pierre Auger Observatory. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100, 211101.
• 30.
  Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; et al. Improved limit to the diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy neutrinos from the Pierre Auger Observatory. Phys. Rev. D 2015, 91, 092008.
• 31.
  Aartsen, M.G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: Instrumentation and Online Systems. J. Instrum. 2017, 12, P03012.
• 32.
  Katz, U.F.; Spiering, C. High-Energy Neutrino Astrophysics: Status and Perspectives. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 2012, 67, 651–704.
• 33.
  Decoene, V. Review of Neutrino Experiments Searching for Astrophysical Neutrinos. PoS 2023, ICRC2023, 026.
• 34.
  Adrian-Martinez, S.; Ageron, M.; Aharonian, F.; et al. Letter of intent for KM3NeT 2.0. J. Phys. G 2016, 43, 084001.
• 35.
  Avrorin, A.D.; Avrorin, A.V.; Aynutdinov, V.M.; et al. Baikal-GVD: status and prospects. EPJ Web Conf. 2018, 191, 01006.
• 36.
  Agostini, M.; Bo… hmer, M.; Bosma, J..; et al. The Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment. Nat. Astron. 2020, 4, 913–915.
• 37.
  Huang, T.Q.; Cao, Z.; Chen, M.; et al. Proposal for the High Energy Neutrino Telescope. PoS 2023, ICRC2023, 1080.
• 38.
  Zhang, H.; Cui, Y.; Huang, Y.; et al. A proposed deep sea Neutrino Observatory in the Nanhai. Astropart. Phys. 2025, 171, 103123.
• 39.
  Ye, Z.P.; Hu, F.; Tian, W.; et al. A multi-cubic-kilometre neutrino telescope in the western Pacific Ocean. Nat. Astron. 2023, 7, 1497–1505.
• 40.
  The KM3NeT Collaboration. Observation of an ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrino with KM3NeT. Nature 2025, 638, 376–382.
• 41.
  Aartsen, M.G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. Characteristics of the diffuse astrophysical electron and tau neutrino flux with six years of IceCube high energy cascade data. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2020, 125, 121104.
• 42.
  Gandhi, R.; Quigg, C.; Reno, M.H.; et al. Neutrino interactions at ultrahigh-energies. Phys. Rev. D 1998, 58, 093009.
• 43.
  Learned, J.G.; Mannheim, K. High-energy neutrino astrophysics. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 2000, 50, 679–749.
• 44.
  Gaisser, T.K.; Halzen, F.; Stanev, T. Particle astrophysics with high-energy neutrinos. Phys. Rept. 1995, 258, 173–236.
• 45.
  Halzen, F. Astroparticle physics with high energy neutrinos: from AMANDA to IceCube. Eur. Phys. J. C 2006, 46, 669–687.
• 46.
  Honda, M.; Kajita, T.; Kasahara, K.; et al. A New calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux in a 3-dimensional scheme. Phys. Rev. D 2004, 70, 043008.
• 47.
  Lipari, P.; Stanev, T. Propagation of multi-TeV muons. Physical Review D 1991, 44, 3543–3554.
• 48.
  Groom, D.E.; Mokhov, N.V.; Striganov, S.I. Muon stopping power and range tables 10-MeV to 100-TeV. Atom. Data Nucl. Data Tabl. 2001, 78, 183–356.
• 49.
  Aiello, S.; Akrame, S.E.; Ameli, F.; et al. Sensitivity of the KM3NeT/ARCA neutrino telescope to point-like neutrino sources. Astropart. Phys. 2019, 111, 100–110.
• 50.
  Photomultiplier Tubes: Basics and Applications. In Hamamatsu Photonics Technical Manual, 3rd ed.; Hamamatsu Photonics: Shizuoka, Japan, 2007
• 51.
  Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; Alshamsi, M.; et al. The KM3NeT multi-PMT optical module. J. Instrum. 2022, 17, P07038.
• 52.
  Abbasi, R.; Abdou, Y.; Abu-Zayyad, T.; et al The Design and Performance of IceCube DeepCore. Astropart. Phys. 2012, 35, 615–624.
• 53.
  Aartsen, M.G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. Measurement of Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations at 6–56 GeV with IceCube DeepCore. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2018, 120, 071801.
• 54.
  Aartsen, M.G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. Measurement of the Atmospheric νe Spectrum with IceCube. Phys. Rev. D 2015, 91, 122004.
• 55.
  IceCube Collaboration. IceCube Neutrino Observatory—Status and Performance Reports. 2023. Available online: https://icecube.wisc.edu/science/data/ (accessed on 10 August 2025).
• 56.
  Dornic, D.; KM3NeT Collaboration. The KM3NeT neutrino telescope: status and recent results. In Proceedings of the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2025), Geneva, Switzerland, 14–24 July 2025.
• 57.
  ANTARES Collaboration. Position calibration of the KM3NeT detector. PoS 2021, 395, 1127.
• 58.
  KM3NeT Collaboration. KM3NeT Conceptual Design Report; Technical report; KM3NeT Consortium: Toulon, France, 2008.
• 59.
  Aartsen, M.G.; Abbasi, R.; Abdou, Y.; et al. Measurement of South Pole ice transparency with the IceCube LED calibration system. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 2013, 711, 73–89.
• 60.
  Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. In Situ estimation of ice crystal properties at the South Pole using LED calibration data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Cryosphere 2024, 18, 75–102.
• 61.
  IceCube Collaboration. An improved mapping of ice layer undulations for the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Proc. Sci. 2023, 444, 975.
• 62.
  Gaisser, T.K.; Engel, R.; Resconi, E. Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics, 2 ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2016.
• 63.
  Aartsen, M.G.; Abraham, K.; Ackermann, M.; et al Observation and Characterization of a Cosmic Muon Neutrino Flux from the Northern Hemisphere using six years of IceCube data. Astrophys. J. 2016, 833, 3.
• 64.
  Enberg, R.; Reno, M.H.; Sarcevic, I. Prompt neutrino fluxes from atmospheric charm. Phys. Rev. D 2008, 78, 043005.
• 65.
  Van Rootselaar, L.; Kardum, L.; Witthaus, L.; et al. Unfolding the Muon Neutrino Spectrum with Eleven Years of IceCube Data. In Proceedings of the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2025), Geneva, Switzerland, 14–24 July 2025.
• 66.
  Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; Alhebsi, A.R.; et al. Measurement of the atmospheric νμ flux with six detection units of KM3NeT/ORCA. Eur. Phys. J. C 2025, 85, 871.
• 67.
  Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. The IceCube high-energy starting event sample: Description and flux characterization with 7.5 years of data. Phys. Rev. D 2021, 104, 022002.
• 68.
  The IceCube Collaboration. Detection of a particle shower at the Glashow resonance with IceCube. Nature 2021, 591, 220–224.
• 69.
  Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. Evidence for a Spectral Break or Curvature in the Spectrum of Astrophysical Neutrinos from 5 TeV–10 PeV. arXiv 2025, arXiv:astro-ph.HE/2507.22233.
• 70.
  Lyu, Y. Probing the PeV Astrophysical Neutrino Spectral Cutoff Using Downgoing Tracks at IceCube. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2024.
• 71.
  Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. Evidence for neutrino emission from the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068. Science 2022, 378, 538–543.
• 72.
  IceCube Collaboration. Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube- 170922A. Science 2018, 361, eaat1378.
• 73.
  Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. Characterization of the astrophysical diffuse neutrino flux using starting track events in IceCube. Phys. Rev. D 2024, 110, 022001.
• 74.
  Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. Improved modeling of in-ice particle showers for IceCube event reconstruction. J. Instrum. 2024, 19, P06026.
• 75.
  Yaez, J.P.; Fedynitch, A. Data-driven muon-calibrated neutrino flux. Phys. Rev. D 2023, 107, 123037.
• 76.
  Yildizci, E.; Rechav, Z.; Lu, L. Measurement of All Flavor PeV Neutrino Flux using Combined Datasets from IceCube. arXiv 2025, arXiv:2508.05886.
• 77.
  Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. Search for Extremely-High-Energy Neutrinos and First Constraints on the Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic-Ray Proton Fraction with IceCube. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2025, 135, 031001.
• 78.
  Filippini, F.; KM3NeT Collaboration. Search for a diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux with KM3NeT/ARCA. In Proceedings of the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2025), Geneva, Switzerland, 14–24 July 2025.
• 79.
  van Vliet, A.; Alves Batista, R.; Ho… randel, J.R. Determining the fraction of cosmic-ray protons at ultrahigh energies with cosmogenic neutrinos. Phys. Rev. D 2019, 100, 021302.
• 80.
  The IceCube Collaboration. Measurement of the multi-TeV neutrino cross section with IceCube using Earth absorption. Nature 2017, 551, 596–600.
• 81.
  Abbasi, R.; Abdou, Y.; Ackermann, M.; et al. IceTop: The surface component of IceCube. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 2013, 700, 188–220.
• 82.
  Aartsen, M.G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. Differential limit on the extremely-high-energy cosmic neutrino flux in the presence of astrophysical background from nine years of IceCube data. Phys. Rev. D 2018, 98, 062003.
• 83.
  Aartsen, M.G.; Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; et al. Energy Reconstruction Methods in the IceCube Neutrino Telescope. J. Instrum. 2014, 9, P03009.
• 84.
  Abbasi, R.; Abdou, Y.; Ackermann, M.; et al. An improved method for measuring muon energy using the truncated mean of dE/dx. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 2013, 703, 190–198.
• 85.
  Aartsen, M.G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. The IceCube Realtime Alert System. Astropart. Phys. 2017, 92, 30–41.
• 86.
  Blaufuss, E.; Kintscher, T.; Lu, L.; et al. The Next Generation of IceCube Real-time Neutrino Alerts. PoS 2020, ICRC2019, 1021.
• 87.
  Riehn, F.; Engel, R.; Fedynitch, A.; et al. Hadronic interaction model Sibyll 2.3d and extensive air showers. Phys. Rev. D 2020, 102, 063002.
• 88.
  Meier, M.; Clark, B.A. A search for extremely-high-energy neutrinos with IceCube and implications for the ultra-high- energy cosmic-ray proton fraction. arXiv 2025, arXiv:astro-ph.HE/2507.07497.
• 89.
  Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. Improved Characterization of the Astrophysical Muon-neutrino Flux with 9.5 Years of IceCube Data. Astrophys. J. 2022, 928, 50.
• 90.
  IceCube Collaboration. IceCube-190331A: IceCube observation of a high-energy neutrino candidate event. In Astron. Telegr. 2019, 12616, 1.
• 91.
  IceCube Collaboration. Updated directions of IceCube HESE events with the latest ice model using DirectFit. PoS 2023, 444, 1030.
• 92.
  Basu, V.; Balagopal, V.A.; Karle, A. Measurement of the Diffuse Astrophysical Neutrino Spectrum above a TeV with All Flavor Starting Events in IceCube. arXiv 2025, arXiv:astro-ph.HE/2507.06002.
• 93.
  Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; et al. A Convolutional Neural Network based Cascade Reconstruction for the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. J. Instrum. 2021, 16, P07041.
• 94.
  Chirkin, D. Event reconstruction in IceCube based on direct event re-simulation. In Proceedings of the 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2–9 July 2013.
• 95.
  Nakos, M.; Rosted, A.; Lu, L. Enhancements to the IceCube Extremely High Energy Neutrino Selection using Graph & Transformer Based Neural Networks. arXiv 2025, arXiv:astro-ph.HE/2507.11774.
• 96.
  Dunsch, M.; Soedingrekso, J.; Sandrock, A.; et al. Recent Improvements for the Lepton Propagator PROPOSAL. Comput. Phys. Commun. 2019, 242, 132–144.
• 97.
  Kistler, M.D.; Laha, R. Multi-PeV Signals from a New Astrophysical Neutrino Flux Beyond the Glashow Resonance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2018, 120, 241105.
• 98.
  Adriani, O.; Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; et al. Ultrahigh-Energy Event KM3-230213A within the Global Neutrino Landscape. Phys. Rev. X 2025, 15, 031016.
• 99.
  Li, S.W.; Machado, P.; Naredo-Tuero, D.; et al. Clash of the Titans: ultra-high energy KM3NeT event versus IceCube data. arXiv 2025, arXiv:astro-ph.HE/2502.04508.
• 100.
  Das, S.; Zhang, B.; Razzaque, S.; et al. Cosmic-Ray Constraints on the Flux of Ultra-High-Energy Neutrino Event KM3-230213A. arXiv 2025, arXiv:astro-ph.HE/2504.10847.
• 101.
  Muzio, M.S.; Yuan, T.; Lu, L. Emergence of a neutrino flux above 5 PeV and implications for ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. arXiv 2025, arXiv:astro-ph.HE/2502.06944.
• 102.
  Das, S.; Razzaque, S.; Gupta, N. Modeling the spectrum and composition of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays with two populations of extragalactic sources. Eur. Phys. J. C 2021, 81, 59.
• 103.
  Kuznetsov, M.Y.; Petrov, N.A.; Savchenko, Y.S. Ultra-high energy event KM3-230213A as a cosmogenic neutrino in light of minimal UHECR flux models. arXiv 2025, arXiv:astro-ph.HE/2509.09590.
• 104.
  Zhang, Q.; Huang, T.Q.; Li, Z. Cosmogenic Neutrino Point Source and KM3-230213A. Astrophys. J. 2025, 990, 78.
• 105.
  Adriani, O.; Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; et al. On the Potential Cosmogenic Origin of the Ultra-high-energy Event KM3-230213A. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2025, 984, L41.
• 106.
  Schneider, A.; Kamp, N.W.; Wen, A.Y. SIREN: An Open Source Neutrino Injection Toolkit. arXiv 2024, arXiv:hep- ex/2406.01745.
• 107.
  Chirkin, D.; Rhode, W. Muon Monte Carlo: A High-precision tool for muon propagation through matter. arXiv 2004, arXiv:hep-ph/0407075.
• 108.
  Pierre Auger Collaboration. Latest results from the searches for ultra-high-energy photons and neutrinos at the Pierre Auger Observatory. PoS 2023, 444, 1488.
• 109.
  Aab, A. Limits on point-like sources of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with the Pierre Auger Observatory. JCAP 2019, 11, 004.
• 110.
  Lu, L. Multi-flavour PeV neutrino search with IceCube. PoS 2018, ICRC2017, 1002.
• 111.
  Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Albury, J.M.; et al. The energy spectrum of cosmic rays beyond the turn-down around 1017 eV as measured with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Eur. Phys. J. C 2021, 81, 966.
• 112.
  Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; et al. Depth of Maximum of Air-Shower Profiles above 1017.8eV Measured with the Fluorescence Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory and Mass Composition Implications. PoS 2023, ICRC2023, 319.
• 113.
  Muzio, M.S.; Unger, M.; Farrar, G.R. Progress towards characterizing ultrahigh energy cosmic ray sources. Phys. Rev. D 2019, 100, 103008.
• 114.
  Muzio, M.S.; Farrar, G.R.; Unger, M. Probing the environments surrounding ultrahigh energy cosmic ray accelerators and their implications for astrophysical neutrinos. Phys. Rev. D 2022, 105, 023022.
• 115.
  Naab, R.; Ganster, E.; Zhang, Z. Measurement of the astrophysical diffuse neutrino flux in a combined fit of IceCube’s high energy neutrino data. PoS 2023, ICRC2023, 1064.
• 116.
  Zaborov, D. Neutrino astronomy at Lake Baikal. arXiv 2024, arXiv:astro-ph.HE/2412.00164.
• 117.
  IceCube-Gen2 Collaboration. The IceCube-Gen2 Neutrino Observatory; Technical Design Report, Parts I, II, and III; University of Wisconsin–Madison: Madison, WI, USA, 2024.
• 118.
  Olinto, A.V.; Krizmanic, J.; Adams, J.H.; et al. The POEMMA (Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics) observatory. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2021, 6, 7.
• 119.
  Allison, P.; Archambault, S.; Beatty, J.J.; et al. Constraints on the diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy neutrinos from four years of Askaryan Radio Array data in two stations. Phys. Rev. D 2020, 102, 043021.
• 120.
  Aguilar, J.A.; Allison, P.; Beatty, J.J.; et al. Design and Sensitivity of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G). J. Instrum. 2021, 16, P03025.
• 121.
  Álvarez-Muñiz, J.; Alves, Batista, R.; Balagopal, V.; A.; et al. The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND): Science and Design. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 2020, 63, 219501.
• 122.
  Wissel, S.; Romero-Wolf, A.; Schoorlemmer, H.; et al. Prospects for high-elevation radio detection of >100 PeV tau neutrinos. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2020, 11, 065.
• 123.
  Romero-Wolf, A.; Alvarez-Mu Neutrinos. arXiv 2020, arXiv:astro-ph.IM/2002.06475.
• 124.
  Gorham, P.W.; Allison, P.; Banerjee, O.; et al. Constraints on the ultrahigh-energy cosmic neutrino flux from the fourth flight of ANITA. Phys. Rev. D 2019, 99, 122001.
• 125.
  Abarr, Q.; Allison, P.; Yebra, J.A.; et al. The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO): A white paper. J. Instrum. 2021, 16, P08035.
• 126.
  Buitink, S.; Bacelar, J.; Braun, R.; et al. The NuMoon experiment: first results. arXiv 2008, arXiv:astro-ph/0808.1878.
• 127.
  Brown, A.M.; Bagheri, M.; Doro, M.; et al. Trinity: an imaging air Cherenkov telescope to search for Ultra-High-Energy neutrinos. PoS 2021, ICRC2021, 1179.
• 128.
  Prohira, S.; De Vries, K.D.; Allison, P.; et al. Observation of Radar Echoes From High-Energy Particle Cascades. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2020, 124, 091101.
• 129.
  Ackermann, M.; Bustamante, M.; Lu, L.; et al. High-energy and ultra-high-energy neutrinos: A Snowmass white paper. J. High Energy Astrophys. 2022, 36, 55–110.
• 130.
  Anker, A.; Barwick, S.W.; Bernhoff, H.; et al. A search for cosmogenic neutrinos with the ARIANNA test bed using 4.5 years of data. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2020, 3, 53.
• 131.
  Aguilar, J.A.; Allison, P.; Beatty, J.J.; et al. The Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland (RNO-G). PoS 2021, 395, 001.
• 132.
  Fang, K.; Murase, K. Linking High-Energy Cosmic Particles by Black Hole Jets Embedded in Large-Scale Structures. Nature Phys. 2018, 14, 396.
• 133.
  Biehl, D.; Boncioli, D.; Lunardini, C.; et al. Tidally disrupted stars as a possible origin of both cosmic rays and neutrinos at the highest energies. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 10828.