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Gypsum Improving Soil Properties and Microbial Communities under Seawater Irrigation in Coastal Saline Soil

  • Qinglin Fu 1,   
  • Gaoyang Qiu 1,2,*,   
  • Junbo Zhang 1,   
  • Junli Liu 1,   
  • Xiaodong Chen 1,   
  • Bin Guo 1,*

Received: 03 Nov 2025 | Revised: 05 Dec 2025 | Accepted: 09 Feb 2026 | Published: 09 Mar 2026

Abstract

Coastal saline soils severely limit agricultural productivity due to high salinity, elevated pH, low organic matter, and scarce freshwater resources. To evaluate seawater irrigation and gypsum amendment effects, a field experiment was conducted with varying gypsum dosages under seawater irrigation, focusing on rice growth and soil properties. The results revealed that gypsum application significantly enhanced rice grain yield by improving key yield components, while seawater irrigation alone reduced them. Gypsum also effectively lowered soil electrical conductivity (ECe) and available potassium (AK), while markedly increasing organic carbon (OC), alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (AN), Olsen phosphorus (OP), bacterial diversity (bactH), fungal diversity (fungH), and total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA). Seawater irrigation alone obviously elevated soil pH, ECe, and AK but significantly decreased OC, AN, OP, bactH, fungH, and total PLFA, though it increased fungal PLFA (fungPLFA). Combining gypsum with seawater irrigation noticeably reduced soil pH, ECe, OC, AN, OP, bactH, fungH, and total PLFA, while markedly increasing AK, the fungPLFA to bacterial PLFA ratio (F/B), and the Gram-positive to Gram-negative bactPLFA ratio (G+/G−). Regression analysis indicated soil pH drove bactH, fungH, total PLFA, bactPLFA, fungPLFA, and G+ bactPLFA, whereas soil salinity dominated G− bactPLFA, F/B, and G+/G− under gypsum-seawater irrigation. This study concluded that soil pH and salinity jointly govern microbial community structure, while gypsum improves soil chemical properties and microbial diversity. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing gypsum and seawater irrigation strategies to remodel microbial communities and enhance soil fertility, thus promoting sustainable agriculture in coastal saline regions.

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Fu, Q.; Qiu, G.; Zhang, J.; Liu, J.; Chen, X.; Guo, B. Gypsum Improving Soil Properties and Microbial Communities under Seawater Irrigation in Coastal Saline Soil. Journal of Soil Biology 2026, 1 (1), 1.
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