From Nature to Implant: Biodegradable Piezoelectric Materials for Transient Biosensors

Min Kyeong Kim; Jinyi Xu; Hening Xing; Zhangsiyuan Jin; John Hong; Yuljae Cho

doi:10.53941/nc.2026.100008

Abstract

Biodegradable piezoelectric materials are emerging as promising platforms for transient biosensors because they can mechanically interact with tissues, generate useful electrical signals, and degrade after a defined functional lifetime. Unlike conventional piezoelectric ceramics and fluorinated polymers, which raise concerns related to toxicity, persistence, or device retrieval, these materials aim to combine sensing performance with bioresorption and safer biological integration. This review distinguishes biodegradability from biocompatibility while examining how the two concepts intersect in the design of transient piezoelectric biosensors. It first discusses how the literature addresses degradation mechanisms, functional lifetime, byproduct safety, cytocompatibility, inflammatory response, and mechanical compatibility. It then surveys major material classes, including amino acid crystals, natural biopolymers, synthetic biodegradable polymers, and peptide-based self-assembling systems. Representative biosensing applications are considered, ranging from short-term implantable pressure monitoring to healing-related interfaces and therapy-adjacent transduction platforms. Finally, the review highlights key challenges, including the need for standardized degradation testing under physiologically relevant conditions, full-system biodegradable integration, and more rigorous evaluation of degradation products in realistic implant environments.

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