Metal Halide Perovskites: From Nanocrystals to Superlattices

Rujiao Dong; Jin-Wook Lee; Rui Wang

doi:10.53941/sen.2026.100007

Abstract

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs), in the form of nanocrystals (NCs) and their superlattices (SLs), have attracted substantial attention owing to their outstanding optoelectronic properties, solution processability, and emergent collective phenomena. In particular, MHP NCs, characterized by bright triplet excitons, slow exciton dephasing, and minimal spectral inhomogeneity, constitute an ideal platform for investigating collective coupling. This review provides a concise overview of MHP NCs and SLs, ranging from assembly-unit design to functional supermaterials. Starting from individual MHP NCs, this review summarizes recent advances in SL formation and structural diversity, highlights key collective optoelectronic phenomena, and discusses representative device applications.

References

1.
Liu, M.X.; Yazdani, N.; Yarema, M.; et al. Colloidal quantum dot electronics. Nat. Electron. 2021, 4, 548–558.
2.
Utzat, H.; Sun, W.W.; Kaplan, A.E.K.; et al. Coherent single-photon emission from colloidal lead halide perovskite quantum dots. Science 2019, 363, 1068–1072.
3.
Jung, H.S.; Park, N.G. Perovskite Solar Cells: From Materials to Devices. Small 2015, 11, 10–25.
4.
Lee, M.M.; Teuscher, J.; Miyasaka, T.; et al. Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites. Science 2012, 338, 643–647.
5.
Eperon, G.E.; Leijtens, T.; Bush, K.A.; et al. Perovskite-perovskite tandem photovoltaics with optimized band gaps. Science 2016, 354, 861–865.
6.
Correa-Baena, J.; Saliba, M.; Buonassisi, T.; et al. Promises and challenges of perovskite solar cells. Science 2017, 358, 739–744.
7.
Li, Z.; Klein, T.R.; Kim, D.H.; et al. Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018, 3, 18017.
8.
Akkerman, Q.; Gandini, M.; Di Stasio, F.; et al. Strongly emissive perovskite nanocrystal inks for high-voltage solar cells. Nat. Energy 2017, 2, 16194.
9.
Burschka, J.; Pellet, N.; Moon, S.-J.; et al. Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells. Nature 2013, 499, 316–319.
10.
Park, N.-G. Perovskite solar cells: An emerging photovoltaic technology. Mater. Today 2015, 18, 65–72.
11.
Kim, J.Y.; Lee, J.-W.; Jung, H.S.; et al. High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 7867–7918.
12.
Jena, A.K.; Kulkarni, A.; Miyasaka, T. Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics: Background, Status, and Future Prospects. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 3036–3103.
13.
Zhang, J.; Wang, L.; Jiang, C.; et al. CsPbBr₃ Nanocrystal Induced Bilateral Interface Modification for Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells. Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2102648.
14.
Xue, J.; Wang, R.; Chen, L.; et al. A Small-Molecule “Charge Driver” enables Perovskite Quantum Dot Solar Cells with Efficiency Approaching 13%. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1900111.
15.
Xiao, Z.; Kerner, R.A.; Zhao, L.; et al. Efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes featuring nanometre-sized crystallites. Nat. Photonics 2017, 11, 108–115.
16.
Chiba, T.; Hayashi, Y.; Ebe, H.; et al. Anion-exchange red perovskite quantum dots with ammonium iodine salts for highly efficient light-emitting devices. Nat. Photonics 2018, 12, 681–687.
17.
Yuan, M.; Quan, L.N.; Comin, R.; et al. Perovskite energy funnels for efficient light-emitting diodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 872–877.
18.
Tan, Z.-K.; Moghaddam, R.S.; Lai, M.L.; et al. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 687–692.
19.
Stranks, S.D.; Snaith, H.J. Metal-halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 391–402.
20.
Liu, X.-K.; Xu, W.; Bai, S.; et al. Metal halide perovskites for light-emitting diodes. Nat. Mater. 2020, 20, 10–21.
21.
Fakharuddin, A.; Gangishetty, M.K.; Abdi-Jalebi, M.; et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Electron. 2022, 5, 203–216.
22.
Li, H.; Zhu, X.; Zhang, D.; et al. Thermal management towards ultra-bright and stable perovskite nanocrystal-based pure red light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 6561.
23.
Chu, Z.M.; Zhao, Y.; Ma, F.; et al. Large cation ethylammonium incorporated perovskite for efficient and spectra stable blue light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 4165.
24.
Ma, D.; Lin, K.; Dong, Y.; et al. Distribution control enables efficient reduced-dimensional perovskite LEDs. Nature 2021, 599, 594–598.
25.
Lin, K.; Xing, J.; Quan, L.N.; et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 20 per cent. Nature 2018, 562, 245–248.
26.
Kim, J.S.; Heo, J.-M.; Park, G.-S.; et al. Ultra-bright, efficient and stable perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nature 2022, 611, 688–694.
27.
Hassan, Y.; Park, J.; Crawford, M.; et al. Ligand-engineered bandgap stability in mixed-halide perovskite LEDs. Nature 2021, 591, 72–77.
28.
Cao, Y.; Wang, N.; Tian, H.; et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on spontaneously formed submicrometre-scale structures. Nature 2018, 562, 249–253.
29.
Yang, J.; Chen, T.; Ge, J.; et al. High Color Purity and Efficient Green Light-Emitting Diode Using Perovskite Nanocrystals with the Size Overly Exceeding Bohr Exciton Diameter. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 19928–19937.
30.
Pan, J.; Shang, Y.; Yin, J.; et al. Bidentate Ligand-Passivated CsPbI₃ Perovskite Nanocrystals for Stable Near-Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Yield and Efficient Red Light-Emitting Diodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 140, 562–565.
31.
Liu, M.; Wan, Q.; Wang, H.; et al. Suppression of temperature quenching in perovskite nanocrystals for efficient and thermally stable light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photonics 2021, 15, 379–385.
32.
Wang, H.; Kim, D.H. Perovskite-based photodetectors: Materials and devices. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 5204–5236.
33.
Gong, M.; Sakidja, R.; Goul, R.; et al. High-Performance All-Inorganic CsPbCl₃ Perovskite Nanocrystal Photodetectors with Superior Stability. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 1772–1783.
34.
Chen, Q.; Wu, J.; Ou, X.; et al. All-inorganic perovskite nanocrystal scintillators. Nature 2018, 561, 88–93.
35.
Zhu, C.; Boehme, S.; Feld, L.; et al. Single-photon superradiance in individual caesium lead halide quantum dots. Nature 2024, 626, 535–541.
36.
Zhou, Q.; Bai, Z.; Lu, W.; et al. In Situ Fabrication of Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal-Embedded Polymer Composite Films with Enhanced Photoluminescence for Display Backlights. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 9163–9168.
37.
Kim, Y.C.; Kim, K.H.; Son, D.-Y.; et al. Printable organometallic perovskite enables large-area, low-dose X-ray imaging. Nature 2017, 550, 87–91.
38.
Li, X.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, S.; et al. CsPbX₃ Quantum Dots for Lighting and Displays: Room-Temperature Synthesis, Photoluminescence Superiorities, Underlying Origins and White Light-Emitting Diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 2435–2445.
39.
Xue, J.; Wang, R.; Yang, Y. The surface of halide perovskites from nano to bulk. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2020, 5, 809–827.
40.
Akkerman, Q.A.; Rainò, G.; Kovalenko, M.V.; et al. Genesis, challenges and opportunities for colloidal lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. Nat. Mater. 2018, 17, 394–405.
41.
Swarnkar, A.; Chulliyil, R.; Ravi, V.; et al. Colloidal CsPbBr₃ Perovskite Nanocrystals: Luminescence beyond Traditional Quantum Dots. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 15424–15428.
42.
Malgras, V.; Tominaka, S.; Ryan, J.; et al. Observation of Quantum Confinement in Monodisperse Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals Embedded in Mesoporous Silica. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 13874–13881.
43.
Butkus, J.; Vashishtha, P.; Chen, K.; et al. The Evolution of Quantum Confinement in CsPbBr₃ Perovskite Nanocrystals. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 3644–3652.
44.
Dong, Y.; Qiao, T.; Kim, D.; et al. Precise Control of Quantum Confinement in Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots via Thermodynamic Equilibrium. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 3716–3722.
45.
Vighnesh, K.; Wang, S.; Liu, H.; et al. Hot-Injection Synthesis Protocol for Green-Emitting Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 19618–19625.
46.
Protesescu, L.; Yakunin, S.; Bodnarchuk, M.I.; et al. Nanocrystals of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites (CsPbX₃, X = Cl, Br, and I): Novel Optoelectronic Materials Showing Bright Emission with Wide Color Gamut. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 3692–3696.
47.
Sun, S.; Yuan, D.; Xu, Y.; et al. Ligand-Mediated Synthesis of Shape-Controlled Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals via Reprecipitation Process at Room Temperature. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 3648–3657.
48.
Zhang, F.; Zhong, H.; Chen, C.; et al. Brightly Luminescent and Color-Tunable Colloidal CH₃NH₃PbX₃ (X = Br, I, Cl) Quantum Dots: Potential Alternatives for Display Technology. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 4533–4542.
49.
Huang, H.; Bodnarchuk, M.I.; Kershaw, S.V.; et al. Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals in the Research Spotlight: Stability and Defect Tolerance. ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 2071–2083.
50.
Walsh, A.; Zunger, A. Instilling defect tolerance in new compounds. Nat. Mater. 2017, 16, 964–967.
51.
Liu, F.; Zhang, Y.; Ding, C.; et al. Highly Luminescent Phase-Stable CsPbI₃ Perovskite Quantum Dots Achieving Near 100% Absolute Photoluminescence Quantum Yield. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 10373–10383.
52.
Tong, Y.; Bladt, E.; Aygüler, M.F.; et al. Highly Luminescent Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals with Tunable Composition and Thickness by Ultrasonication. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 13887–13892.
53.
Gonzalez-Carrero, S.; Francés-Soriano, L.; González-Béjar, M.; et al. The Luminescence of CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ Perovskite Nanoparticles Crests the Summit and Their Photostability under Wet Conditions is Enhanced. Small 2016, 12, 5245–5250.
54.
Jin, C.H.; Regan, E.C.; Yan, A.M.; et al. Observation of moire excitons in WSe₂/WS₂ heterostructure superlattices. Nature 2019, 567, 76–80.
55.
Li, T.X.; Jiang, S.W.; Li, L.Z.; et al. Continuous Mott transition in semiconductor moire superlattices. Nature 2021, 597, 350–354.
56.
Liu, E.R.; Barré, E.; van Baren, J.; et al. Signatures of moire trions in WSe₂/MoSe₂ heterobilayers. Nature 2021, 594, 46–50.
57.
Wan, S.Y.; Xia, X.Y.; Gao, Y.T.; et al. Curvature-guided depletion stabilizes Kagome superlattices of nanocrystals. Science 2025, 387, 978–984.
58.
Becker, M.A.; Vaxenburg, R.; Nedelcu, G.; et al. Bright triplet excitons in caesium lead halide perovskites. Nature 2018, 553, 189–193.
59.
Becker, M.A.; Scarpelli, L.; Nedelcu, G.; et al. Long Exciton Dephasing Time and Coherent Phonon Coupling in CsPbBr₂Cl Perovskite Nanocrystals. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 7546–7551.
60.
Cherniukh, I.; Rainò, G.; Stöferle, T.; et al. Perovskite-type superlattices from lead halide perovskite nanocubes. Nature 2021, 593, 535–542.
61.
Dey, A.; Ye, J.; De, A.; et al. State of the Art and Prospects for Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 10775–10981.
62.
Otero-Martínez, C.; Ye, J.; Sung, J.; et al. Colloidal Metal-Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets: Thickness-Controlled Synthesis, Properties, and Application in Light-Emitting Diodes. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2107105.
63.
Yang, D.; Li, X.; Zeng, H. Surface Chemistry of All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: Passivation Mechanism and Stability. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 5, 1701662.
64.
Shamsi, J.; Urban, A.S.; Imran, M.; et al. Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Post-Synthesis Modifications, and Their Optical Properties. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 3296–3348.
65.
Chouhan, L.; Ghimire, S.; Subrahmanyam, C.; et al. Synthesis, optoelectronic properties and applications of halide perovskites. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 2869–2885.
66.
Zhang, Y.; Siegler, T.; Thomas, C.; et al. A “Tips and Tricks” Practical Guide to the Synthesis of Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 5410–5423.
67.
Kovalenko, M.V.; Protesescu, L.; Bodnarchuk, M.I. Properties and potential optoelectronic applications of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. Science 2017, 358, 745–750.
68.
Liu, Z.; Qin, X.; Chen, Q.H.; et al. Metal-Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal Superlattice: Self-Assembly and Optical Fingerprints. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2209279.
69.
Yan, D.N.; Shan, Q.S.; Dong, Y.H.; et al. Perovskite nanocrystal superlattices: Self-assembly, collective behavior, and applications. Chem. Commun. 2023, 59, 5365–5374.
70.
Yang, Z.; Peng, S.; Lin, F.; et al. Self-assembly Behavior of Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. Chin. J. Chem. 2022, 40, 2239–2248.
71.
Li, Y.; Zhang, F. Self-assembly of perovskite nanocrystals: From driving forces to applications. J. Energy Chem. 2024, 88, 561–578.
72.
Sun, S.; Lu, M.; Lu, P.; et al. Perovskite nanocrystal superlattices and their application in light-emitting devices. Mater. Sci. Eng. : R: Rep. 2025, 164, 100984.
73.
De Roo, J.; Ibáñez, M.; Geiregat, P.; et al. Highly Dynamic Ligand Binding and Light Absorption Coefficient of Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 2071–2081.
74.
Xue, J.; Lee, J.-W.; Dai, Z.; et al. Surface Ligand Management for Stable FAPbI₃ Perovskite Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Joule 2018, 2, 1866–1878.
75.
Imran, M.; Ijaz, P.; Baranov, D.; et al. Shape-Pure, Nearly Monodispersed CsPbBr₃ Nanocubes Prepared Using Secondary Aliphatic Amines. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 7822–7831.
76.
Dutta, A.; Dutta, S.; Das Adhikari, S.; et al. Tuning the Size of CsPbBr₃ Nanocrystals: All at One Constant Temperature. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 329–334.
77.
Bekenstein, Y.; Koscher, B.A.; Eaton, S.W.; et al. Highly Luminescent Colloidal Nanoplates of Perovskite Cesium Lead Halide and Their Oriented Assemblies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 16008–16011.
78.
Akkerman, Q.A.; Nguyen, T.P.T.; Boehme, S.C.; et al. Controlling the nucleation and growth kinetics of lead halide perovskite quantum dots. Science 2022, 377, 1406–1412.
79.
Zhang, D.; Eaton, S.W.; Yu, Y.; et al. Solution-Phase Synthesis of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanowires. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 9230–9233.
80.
Pan, A.Z.; He, B.; Fan, X.Y.; et al. Insight into the Ligand-Mediated Synthesis of Colloidal CsPbBr₃ Perovskite Nanocrystals: The Role of Organic Acid, Base, and Cesium Precursors. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 7943–7954.
81.
Almeida, G.; Goldoni, L.; Akkerman, Q.; et al. Role of Acid–Base Equilibria in the Size, Shape, and Phase Control of Cesium Lead Bromide Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 1704–1711.
82.
Zhang, X.; Bai, X.; Wu, H.; et al. Water-Assisted Size and Shape Control of CsPbBr₃ Perovskite Nanocrystals. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 3337–3342.
83.
Bertolotti, F.; Nedelcu, G.; Vivani, A.; et al. Crystal Structure, Morphology, and Surface Termination of Cyan-Emissive, Six-Monolayers-Thick CsPbBr₃ Nanoplatelets from X-ray Total Scattering. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 14294–14307.
84.
Bera, S.; Behera, R.K.; Pradhan, N. α-Halo Ketone for Polyhedral Perovskite Nanocrystals: Evolutions, Shape Conversions, Ligand Chemistry, and Self-Assembly. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 20865–20874.
85.
Zhu, F.; Men, L.; Guo, Y.J.; et al. Shape Evolution and Single Particle Luminescence of Organometal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 2948–2959.
86.
Imran, M.; Caligiuri, V.; Wang, M.; et al. Benzoyl Halides as Alternative Precursors for the Colloidal Synthesis of Lead-Based Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 2656–2664.
87.
Tang, X.; Zu, Z.; Shao, H.; et al. All-inorganic perovskite CsPb(Br/I)₃ nanorods for optoelectronic application. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 15158–15161.
88.
Chen, Y.; Zhao, L.; Peng, L.; et al. Solution-phase synthesis of CsPbI₃ nanowire clusters via polymer-induced anisotropic growth and self-assembly. Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 8266–8269.
89.
Song, J.; Xu, L.; Li, J.; et al. Monolayer and Few-Layer All-Inorganic Perovskites as a New Family of Two-Dimensional Semiconductors for Printable Optoelectronic Devices. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4861–4869.
90.
Bohn, B.J.; Tong, Y.; Gramlich, M.; et al. Boosting Tunable Blue Luminescence of Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets through Postsynthetic Surface Trap Repair. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 5231–5238.
91.
Akkerman, Q.A.; Motti, S.G.; Kandada, A.R.S.; et al. Solution Synthesis Approach to Colloidal Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets with Monolayer-Level Thickness Control. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 1010–1016.
92.
Bai, Y.; Hao, M.; Ding, S.; et al. Surface Chemistry Engineering of Perovskite Quantum Dots: Strategies, Applications, and Perspectives. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2105958.
93.
Grisorio, R.; Di Clemente, M.; Fanizza, E.; et al. Exploring the surface chemistry of cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. Nanoscale 2019, 11, 986–999.
94.
DuBose, J.; Kamat, P. Directing Energy Transfer in Halide Perovskite-Chromophore Hybrid Assemblies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 19214–19223.
95.
Boles, M.A.; Engel, M.; Talapin, D.V. Self-Assembly of Colloidal Nanocrystals: From Intricate Structures to Functional Materials. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 11220–11289.
96.
Nenon, D.; Pressler, K.; Kang, J.; et al. Design Principles for Trap-Free CsPbX₃ Nanocrystals: Enumerating and Eliminating Surface Halide Vacancies with Softer Lewis Bases. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 17760–17772.
97.
Krieg, F.; Ochsenbein, S.T.; Yakunin, S.; et al. Colloidal CsPbX₃ (X = Cl, Br, I) Nanocrystals 2.0: Zwitterionic Capping Ligands for Improved Durability and Stability. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 641–646.
98.
Mir, W.J.; Alamoudi, A.; Yin, J.; et al. Lecithin Capping Ligands Enable Ultrastable Perovskite-Phase CsPbI₃ Quantum Dots for Rec. 2020 Bright-Red Light-Emitting Diodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 13302–13310.
99.
Grisorio, R.; Fasulo, F.; Muñoz-García, A.B.; et al. In Situ Formation of Zwitterionic Ligands: Changing the Passivation Paradigms of CsPbBr₃ Nanocrystals. Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 4437–4444.
100.
Morad, V.; Stelmakh, A.; Svyrydenko, M.; et al. Designer phospholipid capping ligands for soft metal halide nanocrystals. Nature 2023, 626, 542–548.
101.
Haydous, F.; Gardner, J.; Cappel, U. The impact of ligands on the synthesis and application of metal halide perovskite nanocrystals. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 23419–23443.
102.
Bodnarchuk, M.; Boehme, S.; ten Brinck, S.; et al. Rationalizing and Controlling the Surface Structure and Electronic Passivation of Cesium Lead Halide Nanocrystals. ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 63–74.
103.
ten Brinck, S.; Infante, I. Surface Termination, Morphology, and Bright Photoluminescence of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS Energy Lett. 2016, 1, 1266–1272.
104.
Cheng, W.L.; Campolongo, M.J.; Cha, J.J.; et al. Free-standing nanoparticle superlattice sheets controlled by DNA. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 519–525.
105.
Jones, M.R.; Macfarlane, R.J.; Lee, B.; et al. DNA-nanoparticle superlattices formed from anisotropic building blocks. Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 913–917.
106.
Shi, J.; Li, F.; Jin, Y.; et al. In Situ Ligand Bonding Management of CsPbI₃ Perovskite Quantum Dots Enables High-Performance Photovoltaics and Red Light-Emitting Diodes. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 22230–22237.
107.
Park, J.; Lee, A.; Yu, J.; et al. Surface Ligand Engineering for Efficient Perovskite Nanocrystal-Based Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 8428–8435.
108.
Tan, Y.; Zou, Y.; Wu, L.; et al. Highly Luminescent and Stable Perovskite Nanocrystals with Octylphosphonic Acid as a Ligand for Efficient Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 3784–3792.
109.
Imran, M.; Ijaz, P.; Goldoni, L.; et al. Simultaneous Cationic and Anionic Ligand Exchange For Colloidally Stable CsPbBr₃ Nanocrystals. ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 819–824.
110.
Shynkarenko, Y.; Bodnarchuk, M.I.; Bernasconi, C.; et al. Direct Synthesis of Quaternary Alkylammonium-Capped Perovskite Nanocrystals for Efficient Blue and Green Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 2703–2711.
111.
Li, X.; Cai, W.; Guan, H.; et al. Highly stable CsPbBr₃ quantum dots by silica-coating and ligand modification for white light-emitting diodes and visible light communication. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 419, 129551.
112.
Huang, Y.; Luan, W.; Liu, M.; et al. DDAB-assisted synthesis of iodine-rich CsPbI₃ perovskite nanocrystals with improved stability in multiple environments. J. Mater. Chem. C 2020, 8, 2381–2387.
113.
Fiuza-Maneiro, N.; Sun, K.; López-Fernández, I.; et al. Ligand Chemistry of Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS Energy Lett. 2023, 8, 1152–1191.
114.
Zhao, H.; Chen, H.; Bai, S.; et al. High-Brightness Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes Based on FAPbBr₃ Nanocrystals with Rationally Designed Aromatic Ligands. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 2395–2403.
115.
De, A.; Mondal, N.; Samanta, A. Hole Transfer Dynamics from Photoexcited Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: 1-Aminopyrene as Hole Acceptor. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 13617–13623.
116.
Lee, H.; Yoon, D.E.; Koh, S.; et al. Ligands as a universal molecular toolkit in synthesis and assembly of semiconductor nanocrystals. Chem. Sci. 2020, 11, 2318–2329.
117.
Koscher, B.A.; Swabeck, J.K.; Bronstein, N.D.; et al. Essentially Trap-Free CsPbBr₃ Colloidal Nanocrystals by Postsynthetic Thiocyanate Surface Treatment. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 6566–6569.
118.
Rainò, G.; Becker, M.A.; Bodnarchuk, M.I.; et al. Superfluorescence from lead halide perovskite quantum dot superlattices. Nature 2018, 563, 671–675.
119.
Zhang, D.D.; Yu, Y.; Bekenstein, Y.; et al. Ultrathin Colloidal Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanowires. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 13155–13158.
120.
Yang, X.; Li, F.; Wang, X.; et al. In situ tetrafluoroborate-modified MAPbBr₃ nanocrystals showing high photoluminescence, stability and self-assembly behavior. J. Mater. Chem. C 2020, 8, 1989–1997.
121.
Moral, R.F.; Malfatti-Gasperini, A.A.; Bonato, L.G.; et al. Self-assembly of perovskite nanoplates in colloidal suspensions. Mater. Horiz. 2023, 10, 5822–5834.
122.
Kobiyama, E.; Urbonas, D.; Aymoz, B.; et al. Perovskite Nanocrystal Self-Assemblies in 3D Hollow Templates. ACS Nano 2025, 19, 6748–6757.
123.
Li, D.S.; Chen, Q.; Chun, J.; et al. Nanoparticle Assembly and Oriented Attachment: Correlating Controlling Factors to the Resulting Structures. Chem. Rev. 2023, 123, 3127–3159.
124.
Murray, C.B.; Kagan, C.R.; Bawendi, M.G. Self-organization of CdSe Nanocrystallites into Three-Dimensional Quantum Dot Superlattices. Science 1995, 270, 1335–1338.
125.
Bodnarchuk, M.I.; Kovalenko, M.V.; Heiss, W.; et al. Energetic and Entropic Contributions to Self-Assembly of Binary Nanocrystal Superlattices: Temperature as the Structure-Directing Factor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 11967–11977.
126.
Ji, Y.; Wang, M.; Yang, Z.; et al. Nanowire-assisted self-assembly of one-dimensional nanocrystal superlattice chains. J. Mater. Chem. C 2019, 7, 8471–8476.
127.
Levy, S.; Be'er, O.; Shaek, S.; et al. Collective Interactions of Quantum-Confined Excitons in Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal Superlattices. ACS Nano 2024, 19, 963–971.
128.
Zhang, X.; Lv, L.; Ji, L.; et al. Self-Assembly of One-Dimensional Nanocrystal Superlattice Chains Mediated by Molecular Clusters. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 3290–3293.
129.
Wang, K.-H.; Yang, J.-N.; Ni, Q.-K.; et al. Metal Halide Perovskite Supercrystals: Gold–Bromide Complex Triggered Assembly of CsPbBr₃ Nanocubes. Langmuir 2018, 34, 595–602.
130.
Jones, M.R.; Seeman, N.C.; Mirkin, C.A. Programmable materials and the nature of the DNA bond. Science 2015, 347, 6224.
131.
Lin, Q.Y.; Mason, J.A.; Li, Z.Y.; et al. Building superlattices from individual nanoparticles via template-confined DNA-mediated assembly. Science 2018, 359, 669–672.
132.
Zhou, W.J.; Li, Y.W.; Je, K.; et al. Space-tiled colloidal crystals from DNA-forced shape-complementary polyhedra pairing. Science 2024, 383, 312–319.
133.
Jana, A.; Kim, K. Effect of Organic-Cation Exchange Reaction of Perovskites in Water: H-Bond Assisted Self-Assembly, Black Phase Stabilization, and Single-Particle Imaging. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 4496–4503.
134.
Anderson, V.J.; Lekkerkerker, H.N.W. Insights into phase transition kinetics from colloid science. Nature 2002, 416, 811–815.
135.
Clark, D.E.; Lumsargis, V.A.; Blach, D.D.; et al. Quantifying Structural Heterogeneity in Individual CsPbBr₃ Quantum Dot Superlattices. Chem. Mater. 2022, 34, 10200–10207.
136.
Travesset, A. Topological structure prediction in binary nanoparticle superlattices. Soft Matter 2017, 13, 147–157.
137.
Coropceanu, I.; Boles, M.A.; Talapin, D.V. Systematic Mapping of Binary Nanocrystal Superlattices: The Role of Topology in Phase Selection. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 5728–5740.
138.
Hallstrom, J.; Cherniukh, I.; Zha, X.; et al. Ligand Effects in Assembly of Cubic and Spherical Nanocrystals: Applications to Packing of Perovskite Nanocubes. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 7219–7228.
139.
Boles, M.A.; Talapin, D.V. Many-Body Effects in Nanocrystal Superlattices: Departure from Sphere Packing Explains Stability of Binary Phases. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 4494–4502.
140.
Travesset, A. Soft Skyrmions, Spontaneous Valence and Selection Rules in Nanoparticle Superlattices. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 5375–5382.
141.
Lapointe, V.; Green, P.B.; Chen, A.N.; et al. Long live(d) CsPbBr₃ superlattices: Colloidal atomic layer deposition for structural stability. Chem. Sci. 2024, 15, 4510–4518.
142.
Boehme, S.C.; Bodnarchuk, M.I.; Burian, M.; et al. Strongly Confined CsPbBr₃ Quantum Dots as Quantum Emitters and Building Blocks for Rhombic Superlattices. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 2089–2100.
143.
Zhang, M.Q.; Hu, J.C.; Xi, G.Q.; et al. Colloidal Perovskite Nanocrystal Superlattice Films with Simultaneous Polarized Emission and Orderly Electric Polarity via an In Situ Surface Cross-Linking Reaction. ACS Nano 2025, 19, 7283–7293.
144.
Yin, T.T.; Yan, H.J.; Abdelwahab, I.; et al. Pressure driven rotational isomerism in 2D hybrid perovskites. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 411.
145.
Li, Z.W.; Fan, Q.S.; Yin, Y.D. Colloidal Self-Assembly Approaches to Smart Nanostructured Materials. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4976–5067.
146.
Tong, Y.; Yao, E.P.; Manzi, A.; et al. Spontaneous Self-Assembly of Perovskite Nanocrystals into Electronically Coupled Supercrystals: Toward Filling the Green Gap. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1801117.
147.
Hazra, V.; Mondal, S.; Pattanayak, P.; et al. Nanoplatelet Superlattices by Tin-Induced Transformation of FAPbI₃ Nanocrystals. Small 2024, 20, 2304920.
148.
Ferreira, M.G.; Gastin, B.; Hiller, J.; et al. Self-Assembly of Quantum-Confined CsPbBr₃ Perovskite Nanocrystals into Rhombic, Frame, and Rectangular Superlattices. Small Struct. 2025, 6, 2500133.
149.
Pan, A.Z.; Jurow, M.; Zhao, Y.R.; et al. Templated self-assembly of one-dimensional CsPbX₃ perovskite nanocrystal superlattices. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 17688–17693.
150.
Liu, Y.; Siron, M.; Lu, D.L.; et al. Self-Assembly of Two-Dimensional Perovskite Nanosheet Building Blocks into Ordered Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskite Phase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 13028–13032.
151.
Mehetor, S.K.; Ghosh, H.; Pradhan, N. Acid–Amine Equilibria for Formation and Long-Range Self-Organization of Ultrathin CsPbBr₃ Perovskite Platelets. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 1300–1305.
152.
Ye, J.; Ren, A.; Dai, L.; et al. Direct linearly polarized electroluminescence from perovskite nanoplatelet superlattices. Nat. Photonics 2024, 18, 586–594.
153.
Tisdale, W.A. Twisted perovskite layers come together. Nat. Mater. 2024, 23, 1155–1156.
154.
Zhang, S.; Jin, L.; Lu, Y.; et al. Moiré superlattices in twisted two-dimensional halide perovskites. Nat. Mater. 2024, 23, 1222–1229.
155.
Jin, F.; Ren, J.H.; Zanotti, S.; et al. Exciton polariton condensation in a perovskite moiré flat band at room temperature. Sci. Adv. 2025, 11, eadx2361.
156.
Zhan, G.; Koek, B.; Yuan, Y.; et al. Moiré two-dimensional covalent organic framework superlattices. Nat. Chem. 2025, 17, 518–524.
157.
Chen, D.X.; Lian, Z.; Huang, X.; et al. Excitonic insulator in a heterojunction moire superlattice. Nat. Phys. 2022, 18, 1171–1176.
158.
Huang, X.; Wang, T.M.; Miao, S.N.; et al. Correlated insulating states at fractional fillings of the WS₂/WSe₂ moire lattice. Nat. Phys. 2021, 17, 715–719.
159.
Li, H.Y.; Li, S.W.; Naik, M.H.; et al. Imaging local discharge cascades for correlated electrons in WS₂/WSe₂ moire superlattices. Nat. Phys. 2021, 17, 1114–1119.
160.
Cao, Y.; Rodan-Legrain, D.; Rubies-Bigorda, O.; et al. Tunable correlated states and spin-polarized phases in twisted bilayer-bilayer graphene. Nature 2020, 583, 215–220.
161.
Sekh, T.V.; Cherniukh, I.; Kobiyama, E.; et al. All-Perovskite Multicomponent Nanocrystal Superlattices. ACS Nano 2024, 18, 8423–8436.
162.
Cherniukh, I.; Rainò, G.; Sekh, T.V.; et al. Shape-Directed Co-Assembly of Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocubes with Dielectric Nanodisks into Binary Nanocrystal Superlattices. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 16488–16500.
163.
Cherniukh, I.; Sekh, T.V.; Rainò, G.; et al. Structural Diversity in Multicomponent Nanocrystal Superlattices Comprising Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocubes. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 7210–7232.
164.
Yang, S.; Yang, D.-B.; Ning, Y.; et al. Super-expansive thermo-reversible interstitial solid solution of nanocrystal superlattices with mesogens. Nat. Mater. 2026, 25, 294–301.
165.
Jiang, Y.X.; Niu, J.G.; Wang, C.; et al. Experimental demonstration of tunable hybrid improper ferroelectricity in double-perovskite superlattice films. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 5549.
166.
Lapkin, D.; Kirsch, C.; Hiller, J.; et al. Spatially resolved fluorescence of caesium lead halide perovskite supercrystals reveals quasi-atomic behavior of nanocrystals. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 892.
167.
Gao, Y.; Shi, E.Z.; Deng, S.B.; et al. Molecular engineering of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites quantum wells. Nat. Chem. 2019, 11, 1151–1157.
168.
Zhou, C.; Zhong, Y.; Dong, H.; et al. Cooperative excitonic quantum ensemble in perovskite-assembly superlattice microcavities. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 329.
169.
Hong, K.S.; Chen, O.; Bai, Y.S. Emergent quantum properties from low-dimensional building blocks and their superlattices. Nano Res. 2024, 17, 10490–10510.
170.
Wang, Q.; Tan, J.; Jie, Q.; et al. Perturbation-driven echo-like superfluorescence in perovskite superlattices. Adv. Photonics 2023, 5, 055001.
171.
Krieg, F.; Sercel, P.C.; Burian, M.; et al. Monodisperse Long-Chain Sulfobetaine-Capped CsPbBr₃ Nanocrystals and Their Superfluorescent Assemblies. ACS Cent. Sci. 2021, 7, 135–144.
172.
Russ, B.; Eisler, C.N. The future of quantum technologies: Superfluorescence from solution-processed, tunable materials. Nanophotonics 2024, 13, 1943–1951.
173.
Lei, Y.S.; Li, Y.H.; Lu, C.C.F.; et al. Perovskite superlattices with efficient carrier dynamics. Nature 2022, 608, 317–323.
174.
Blach, D.D.; Lumsargis-Roth, V.A.; Chuang, C.; et al. Environment-assisted quantum transport of excitons in perovskite nanocrystal superlattices. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 1270.
175.
Baranov, D.; Fieramosca, A.; Yang, R.X.; et al. Aging of Self-Assembled Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal Superlattices: Effects on Photoluminescence and Energy Transfer. ACS Nano 2020, 15, 650–664.
176.
Erdem, O.; Gungor, K.; Guzelturk, B.; et al. Orientation-Controlled Nonradiative Energy Transfer to Colloidal Nanoplatelets: Engineering Dipole Orientation Factor. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 4297–4305.
177.
Penzo, E.; Loiudice, A.; Barnard, E.S.; et al. Long-Range Exciton Diffusion in Two-Dimensional Assemblies of Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 6999–7007.
178.
Kumar, S.; Marcato, T.; Krumeich, F.; et al. Anisotropic nanocrystal superlattices overcoming intrinsic light outcoupling efficiency limit in perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 2106.
179.
Kovalenko, M.V.; Bodnarchuk, M.I. Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: From Discovery to Self-assembly and Applications. Chimia 2017, 71, 461–470.
180.
Jagielski, J.; Solari, S.F.; Jordan, L.; et al. Scalable photonic sources using two-dimensional lead halide perovskite superlattices. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 387.
181.
Udayabhaskararao, T.; Altantzis, T.; Houben, L.; et al. Tunable porous nanoallotropes prepared by post-assembly etching of binary nanoparticle superlattices. Science 2017, 358, 514–518.
182.
Tang, Z.Y.; Zhang, Z.L.; Wang, Y.; et al. Self-assembly of CdTe nanocrystals into free-floating sheets. Science 2006, 314, 274–278.
183.
Song, T.C.; Sun, Q.C.; Anderson, E.; et al. Direct visualization of magnetic domains and moire magnetism in twisted 2D magnets. Science 2021, 374, 1140–1144.
184.
Xie, H.C.; Luo, X.P.; Ye, Z.P.; et al. Evidence of non-collinear spin texture in magnetic moire superlattices. Nat. Phys. 2023, 19, 1150–1155.
185.
Deng, S.B.; Park, H.; Reimann, J.; et al. Frozen non-equilibrium dynamics of exciton Mott insulators in moiré superlattices. Nat. Mater. 2025, 24, 527–534.
186.
Du, L.J.; Huang, Z.H.; Zhang, J.; et al. Nonlinear physics of moiré superlattices. Nat. Mater. 2024, 23, 1179–1192.
187.
Fortin-Deschênes, M.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; et al. Van der Waals epitaxy of tunable moires enabled by alloying. Nat. Mater. 2024, 23, 339–346.
188.
Ribeiro-Palau, R.; Zhang, C.J.; Watanabe, K.; et al. Twistable electronics with dynamically rotatable heterostructures. Science 2018, 361, 690–693.
189.
Quan, J.M.; Linhart, L.; Lin, M.L.; et al. Phonon renormalization in reconstructed MoS₂ moire superlattices. Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 1100–1105.
190.
Ni, G.X.; Wang, H.; Wu, J.S.; et al. Plasmons in graphene moire superlattices. Nat. Mater. 2015, 14, 1217–1222.
191.
Chen, M.Y.; Lin, X.; Dinh, T.H.; et al. Configurable phonon polaritons in twisted α-MoO₃. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 1307–1311.
192.
Foutty, B.A.; Yu, J.C.; Devakul, T.; et al. Tunable spin and valley excitations of correlated insulators in Γ-valley moire bands. Nat. Mater. 2023, 22, 731–736.
193.
Qian, C.; Stanifer, E.; Ma, Z.; et al. Nanoscale phonon dynamics in self-assembled nanoparticle lattices. Nat. Mater. 2025, 24, 1616–1625.
194.
Huang, D.; Choi, J.; Shih, C.K.; et al. Excitons in semiconductor moire superlattices. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2022, 17, 227–238.
195.
Li, Z.W.; Lim, Y.; Tanriover, I.; et al. DNA-mediated assembly of Au bipyramids into anisotropic light emitting kagome superlattices. Sci. Adv. 2024, 10, eadp3756.
196.
Ross, M.B.; Ku, J.C.; Vaccarezza, V.M.; et al. Nanoscale form dictates mesoscale function in plasmonic DNA-nanoparticle superlattices. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 453–458.
197.
Rogers, W.B.; Shih, W.M.; Manoharan, V.N. Using DNA to program the self-assembly of colloidal nanoparticles and microparticles. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 1, 16008.
198.
Kim, A.; Kim, C.; Waltmann, T.; et al. Patchy nanoparticles by atomic stencilling. Nature 2025, 646, 592–600.
199.
Zhao, B.; Wan, Z.; Liu, Y.; et al. High-order superlattices by rolling up van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 2021, 591, 385–390.
200.
Wang, Q.; Wang, Z.P.; Li, Z.; et al. Controlled growth and shape-directed self-assembly of gold nanoarrows. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1701183.
201.
Kalsin, A.M.; Fialkowski, M.; Paszewski, M.; et al. Electrostatic self-assembly of binary nanoparticle crystals with a diamond-like lattice. Science 2006, 312, 420–424.
202.
Kahn, J.S.; Gang, O. Designer Nanomaterials through Programmable Assembly. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202105678.
203.
Jana, A.; Jo, Y.; Im, H. Multicomponent perovskite superlattices. Matter 2021, 4, 2607–2609.
204.
Mattiotti, F.; Kuno, M.; Borgonovi, F.; et al. Thermal Decoherence of Superradiance in Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal Superlattices. Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 7382–7388.

Scilight Press

Author Information

Abstract

Keywords

References

About Scilight

Journals

Publishing Policies

Contact Us