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Green Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Secondary Metabolites of Leptogium austroamericanum, Parmotrema melanothrix, and Heterodermia diademata: A Sustainable Bioreduction Approach

  • Vasim Akram Hajeebasha  1,   
  • Sri Ashwathi Thangaraj 1,   
  • Subhashini Selvakumar 1,   
  • Swetha Pushpanathan 1,2,   
  • Keerthivasan Sivasubramaniyan Murugesan 1,   
  • Rajaprabu Nagaraj 3,4,   
  • Velavan Viswakethu  1,5,*,   
  • Moorthy Maruthapandi 6,7,*

Received: 30 Apr 2026 | Revised: 20 Jun 2026 | Accepted: 26 Jun 2026 | Published: 15 Jul 2026

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized from natural sources, including cyanobacteria, algae, plants, fungi, and lichens, offer an eco-friendly, safe, and cost-effective alternative to conventional methods. This work highlights the phytochemical extraction of secondary metabolites, which encompass several bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, antitumor, cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Compounds such as benzene, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-, nonadecane, 1-octadecanesulphonyl chloride, decane, 2,3,5,8-tetramethyl, and chloroxine exhibit antitumor properties. Furthermore, AgNPs biosynthesized by L. austroamericanum, P. melanothrix, and H. diademata demonstrated unique and potent biological activities and held promise as sustainable alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial and therapeutic agents. This study underscores the potential of lichen-based nanotechnology for biomedical applications as a sustainable, environmentally friendly approach.

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Hajeebasha , V. A.; Thangaraj, S. A.; Selvakumar, S.; Pushpanathan, S.; Murugesan, K. S.; Nagaraj, R.; Viswakethu , V.; Maruthapandi, M. Green Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Secondary Metabolites of Leptogium austroamericanum, Parmotrema melanothrix, and Heterodermia diademata: A Sustainable Bioreduction Approach. Advances in Applied Biomaterials and Biocomposites 2026, 1 (1), 5.
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