- 1.
Mihaylova, B. ;Emberson, J. ;Blackwell, L. ; et al . The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials . Lancet , 2012 , 380 ( 9841 ): 581 - 590 .
- 2.
Lloyd-Mostyn, R . National service framework for coronary heart disease . Ambiguities need to be clarified. BMJ. , 2000 , 321 ( 7261 ): 634 .
- 3.
Wilson, P.W. ;D'Agostino, R.B. ;Levy, D. ; et al . Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories . Circ. J. , 1998 , 97 ( 18 ): 1837 - 1847 .
- 4.
D'Agostino, R.S. ;Grundy, S. ;Sullivan, L.M. ; et al . Validation of the Framingham coronary heart disease prediction scores: results of a multiple ethnic groups investigation . JAMA. , 2001 , 286 ( 2 ): 180 - 187 .
- 5.
Reissigova, J. ;Tomeckova, M . State of the art coronary heart disease risk estimations based on the Framingham heart study . Cent. Eur. J. Public Health , 2005 , 13 ( 4 ): 180 - 186 .
- 6.
D'Agostino, R.S. ;Vasan, R.S. ;Pencina, M.J. ; et al . General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study . Circ. J. , 2008 , 117 ( 6 ): 743 - 753 .
- 7.
D'Agostino, R.S. ;Grundy, S. ;Sullivan, L.M. ; et al . Validation of the Framingham coronary heart disease prediction scores: results of a multiple ethnic groups investigation . JAMA , 2001 , 286 ( 2 ): 180 - 187 .
- 8.
Ford, E.S. ;Giles, W.H. ;Mokdad, A . H . The distribution of 10-Year risk for coronary heart disease among U.S. adults : Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 2004 , 43 ( 10 ): 1791 - 1796 .
- 9.
Vergnaud, A.C. ;Bertrais, S. ;Galan, P. ; et al . Ten-year risk prediction in French men using the Framingham coronary score: results from the national SU.VI.MAX cohort . Prev. Med. , 2008 , 47 ( 1 ): 61 - 65 .
- 10.
Garg, N. ;Muduli, S.K. ;Kapoor, A. ; et al . Comparison of different cardiovascular risk score calculators for cardiovascular risk prediction and guideline recommended statin uses . Indian Heart J. , 2017 , 69 ( 4 ): 458 - 463 .
- 11.
Collins, D. ;Lee, J. ;Bobrovitz, N. ; et al . whoishRisk – an R package to calculate WHO/ISH cardiovascular risk scores for all epidemiological subregions of the world [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research. , 2017 , 5 : 2522 .
- 12.
Mendis, S. ;Lindholm, L.H. ;Mancia, G. ; et al . World Health Organization (WHO) and International Society of Hypertension (ISH) risk prediction charts: assessment of cardiovascular risk for prevention and control of cardiovascular disease in low and middle-income countries . J. Hypertens. , 2007 , 25 ( 8 ): 1578 - 1582 .
- 13.
Selvarajah, S. ;Kaur, G. ;Haniff, J. ; et al . Comparison of the Framingham Risk Score, SCORE and WHO/ISH cardiovascular risk prediction models in an Asian population . Int. J. Card. , 2014 , 176 ( 1 ): 211 - 218 .
- 14.
Ghorpade, A.G. ;Shrivastava, S.R. ;Kar, S.S. ; et al . Estimation of the Cardiovascular Risk Using World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) Risk Prediction Charts in a Rural Population of South India . Int. J. Health. Policy. Manag. , 2015 , 4 ( 8 ): 531 - 536 .
- 15.
Bittner, V . The New 2019 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease . Circ. J. , 2020 , 142 ( 25 ): 2402 - 2404 .
- 16.
Kavousi, M. ;Leening, M . J .G.; Nanchen D. ; et al. Comparison of Application of the ACC/AHA Guidelines, Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in a European Cohort. JAMA, 2014 , 311 ( 14 ): 1416 - 1423 .
- 17.
Yang, X. ;Li, J. ;Hu, D. ; et al . Predicting the 10-Year Risks of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Chinese Population: The China-PAR Project (Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China) . Circ. J. , 2016 , 134 ( 19 ): 1430 - 1440 .
- 18.
Yang, X.L. ;Chen, J.C. ;Li, J.X. ; et al . Risk stratification of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in Chinese adults . Chronic. Dis. Transl. Med. , 2016 , 2 ( 2 ): 102 - 109 .
- 19.
Collins, G S ,Altman, D G . An independent and external validation of QRISK2 cardiovascular disease risk score: a prospective open cohort study . BMJ. , 2010 , 340 : c2442 .
- 20.
Hippisley-Cox, J. ;Coupland, C. ;Vinogradova, Y. ; et al . Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2 . BMJ , 2008 , 336 ( 7659 ): 1475 - 1482 .
- 21.
Hippisley-Cox, J. ;Coupland, C. ;Vinogradova, Y. ; et al . Performance of the QRISK cardiovascular risk prediction algorithm in an independent UK sample of patients from general practice: a validation study . Heart , 2008 , 94 ( 1 ): 34 - 39 .
- 22.
Menon, V.P. ;Edathadathil, F. ;Sathyapalan, D. ; et al . Assessment of 2013 AHA/ACC ASCVD risk scores with behavioral characteristics of an urban cohort in India: Preliminary analysis of Noncommunicable disease Initiatives and Research at AMrita (NIRAM) study . Medicine , 2016 , 95 ( 49 ).
- 23.
Than, M. ;Flaws, D. ;Sanders, S. ; et al . Development and validation of the Emergency Department Assessment of Chest pain Score and 2 h accelerated diagnostic protocol . Emerg. Med. Australas. , 2014 , 26 ( 1 ): 34 - 44 .
- 24.
Than, M. ;Cullen, L. ;Aldous, S. ; et al . 2-Hour accelerated diagnostic protocol to assess patients with chest pain symptoms using contemporary troponins as the only biomarker: the ADAPT trial . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 2012 , 59 ( 23 ): 2091 - 2098 .
- 25.
Amsterdam, E.A. ;Wenger, N.K. ;Brindis, R.G. ; et al . 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 2014 , 64 ( 24 ): e139 - e228 .
- 26.
Long, B. ;Oliver, J. ;Streitz, M. ; et al . An end-user's guide to the HEART score and pathway . Am. J. Emerg. Med. , 2017 , 35 ( 9 ): 1350 - 1355 .
- 27.
Six, A.J. ;Cullen, L. ;Backus, B.E. ; et al . The HEART score for the assessment of patients with chest pain in the emergency department: a multinational validation study . Crit. Pathw. Cardiol. , 2013 , 12 ( 3 ): 121 - 126 .
- 28.
Backus, B.E. ;Six, A.J. ;Kelder, J.C. ; et al . Chest pain in the emergency room: a multicenter validation of the HEART Score . Crit. Pathw. Cardiol. , 2010 , 9 ( 3 ): 164 - 169 .
- 29.
Six, A.J. ;Backus, B.E. ;Kelder, J . C . Chest pain in the emergency room: value of the HEART score. Neth. Heart. J. , 2008 , 16 ( 6 ): 191 - 196 .
- 30.
Backus, B.E. ;Six, A.J. ;Kelder, J.C. ; et al . A prospective validation of the HEART score for chest pain patients at the emergency department . Int. J. Card. , 2013 , 168 ( 3 ): 2153 - 2158 .
- 31.
Jain, T. ;Nowak, R. ;Hudson, M. ; et al . Short- and Long-Term Prognostic Utility of the HEART Score in Patients Evaluated in the Emergency Department for Possible Acute Coronary Syndrome . Crit. Pathw. Cardiol. , 2016 , 15 ( 2 ).
- 32.
Mahler, S.A. ;Hiestand, B.C. ;Goff, D.C. ; et al . Can the HEART Score Safely Reduce Stress Testing and Cardiac Imaging in Patients at Low Risk for Major Adverse Cardiac Events? . Crit. Pathw. Cardiol. , 2011 , 10 ( 3 ).
- 33.
Members, A . T . F .; Hamm C.W.; Bassand J.;et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation : The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart. J. , 2011 , 32 ( 23 ): 2999 - 3054 .
- 34.
Roffi, M. ;Patrono, C. ;Collet, J. ; et al . 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) . Eur. Heart. J. , 2016 , 37 ( 3 ): 267 - 315 .
- 35.
Zhou, B.D. ;Zu, L.Y. ;Mi, L. ; et al . An analysis of patients receiving emergency CAG without PCI and the value of GRACE score in predicting PCI possibilities in NSTE-ACS patients . J. Geriatr. Cardiol. , 2015 , 12 ( 3 ): 246 - 250 .
- 36.
Antman, E.M. ;Cohen, M. ;Bernink, P . J .L.M.; et al. The TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina/Non–ST Elevation MIA Method for Prognostication and Therapeutic Decision Making. JAMA , 2000 , 284 ( 7 ): 835 - 842 .
- 37.
Abu-Assi, E. ;Gracía-Acuña, J.M. ;Ferreira-González, I. ; et al . Evaluating the Performance of the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines (CRUSADE) Bleeding Score in a Contemporary Spanish Cohort of Patients With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction . Circ. J. , 2010 , 121 ( 22 ): 2419 - 2426 .
- 38.
Grundy, S.M. ;Stone, N.J. ;Bailey, A.L. ; et al . 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines . Circ. J. , 2019 , 139 ( 25 ): e1082 - e1143 .
- 39.
Yusuf, S. ;Bosch, J. ;Dagenais, G. ; et al . Cholesterol Lowering in Intermediate-Risk Persons without Cardiovascular Disease . N. Engl. J. Med. , 2016 , 374 ( 21 ): 2021 - 2031 .
- 40.
Ridker, PM. ;Danielson, E. ;Fonseca, FA. ; et al . Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein . N. Engl. J. Med. , 2008 , 359 ( 21 ): 2195 - 207 .
- 41.
Grundy, SM. ;Stone, NJ. ;Blumenthal, RS. ; et al . High-Intensity Statins Benefit High-Risk Patients: Why and How to Do Better . Mayo. Clin. Proc. , 2021 , 96 ( 10 ): 2660 - 2670 .
- 42.
Andreini, D. ;Magnoni, M. ;Conte, E ; et al . Coronary Plaque Features on CTA Can Identify Patients at Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Events . JACC Cardiovasc Imaging , 2020 , 13 ( 8 ): 1704 - 1717 .
- 43.
Chang, H.J. ;Lin, F.Y. ;Lee, S.E. ; et al . Coronary Atherosclerotic Precursors of Acute Coronary Syndromes . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 2018 , 71 ( 22 ): 2511 - 2522 .
- 44.
Motoyama, S. ;Sarai, M. ;Harigaya, H. ; et al . Computed tomographic angiography characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques subsequently resulting in acute coronary syndrome . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 2009 , 54 ( 1 ): 49 - 57 .
- 45.
Maurovich-Horvat, P. ;Ferencik, M. ;Voros, S. ; et al . Comprehensive plaque assessment by coronary CT angiography . Nat. Rev. Cardiol. , 2014 , 11 ( 7 ): 390 - 402 .
- 46.
Han, D. ;Berman, D.S. ;Miller, R . J .H.; et al. Association of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Burden With Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis Assessed by Serial Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography. JAMA Netw. Open , 2020 , 3 ( 7 ): e2011444 .