Open Access
Review
Immune Checkpoints Are New Therapeutic Targets in Regulating Cardio-, and Cerebro-Vascular Diseases and CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell Immunosuppression
Ying Shao1, 2, †
, William Y. Yang1, †
, Gayani Nanayakkara3, †
, Fatma Saaoud1, †
, Mohammed Ben Issa1, †
, Keman Xu1
, Yifan Liu1
, Xiaohua Jiang1, 2
, Sadia Mohsin4
, Hong Wang2
, Xiaofeng Yang1, 2, *
Author Information
Submitted: 6 Sept 2024 | Revised: 29 Sept 2024 | Accepted: 30 Sept 2024 | Published: 26 Nov 2024
Abstract
Although previous reviews explored the roles of selected immune checkpoints (ICPs) in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cerebrovascular diseases from various perspectives, many related aspects have yet to be thoroughly reviewed and analyzed. Our comprehensive review addresses this gap by discussing the cellular functions of ICPs, focusing on the tissue-specific and microenvironment-localized transcriptomic and posttranslational regulation of ICP expressions, as well as their functional interactions with metabolic reprogramming. We also analyze how 14 pairs of ICPs, including CTLA-4/CD86-CD80, PD1-PDL-1, and TIGIT-CD155, regulate CVD pathogenesis. Additionally, the review covers the roles of ICPs in modulating CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), T cells, and innate immune cells in various CVDs and cerebrovascular diseases. Furthermore, we outline seven immunological principles to guide the development of new ICP-based therapies for CVDs. This timely and thorough analysis of recent advancements and challenges provide new insights into the role of ICPs in CVDs, cerebrovascular diseases and Tregs, and will support the development of novel therapeutics strategies for these diseases.
Keywords
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Volume 3, Issue 4How to Cite
Shao, Y., Yang, W. Y., Nanayakkara, G., Saaoud, F., Issa, M. B., Xu, K., Liu, Y., Jiang, X., Mohsin, S., Wang, H., & Yang, X. (2024). Immune Checkpoints Are New Therapeutic Targets in Regulating Cardio-, and Cerebro-Vascular Diseases and CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell Immunosuppression. International Journal of Drug Discovery and Pharmacology, 3(4), 100022. https://doi.org/10.53941/ijddp.2024.100022
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