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2609005249
  • Open Access
  • Review

Tailoring MOFs for Pollutant Removal and Catalysis: A Review on Defect Engineering, Doping, and Functionalization

  • Fan Yang 1,   
  • Jiaoping Wang 2,   
  • Xing Li 3,   
  • Han Li 1,   
  • Yan Feng 1,*,   
  • Yawen Yang 4,*

Received: 31 Aug 2026 | Revised: 18 Sep 2026 | Accepted: 21 Sep 2026 | Published: 29 Sep 2026

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable attention in water treatment due to their high porosity, tunable pore structures, and large specific surface areas. This review summarizes advances from 2015 to 2025 in three modification strategies—defect engineering, metal-ion doping, and functionalization—and their applications in water pollutant adsorption, detection, and catalytic degradation. These strategies enhance performance by increasing active-site density, tuning electronic structures, and introducing specific host–guest interactions. Representative examples include defect-engineered MOFs for heavy-metal and phosphate adsorption, functionalized MOFs for sensitive contaminant sensing, and bimetallic MOFs for photocatalytic and persulfate-based advanced oxidation. The review also critically compares the three strategies and identifies key challenges in structural stability, scalable synthesis, and mechanistic understanding. Future research should prioritize the rational design of water-stable MOFs, machine-learning-assisted discovery, in situ characterization of defect–performance relationships, green scalable synthesis, and validation under realistic water matrices. This review provides a timely overview and outlines pathways toward practical MOF-based water treatment technologies.

 

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Yang, F.; Wang, J.; Li, X.; Li, H.; Feng, Y.; Yang, Y. Tailoring MOFs for Pollutant Removal and Catalysis: A Review on Defect Engineering, Doping, and Functionalization. Innovations in Water Treatment 2026, 1 (1), 6. https://doi.org/10.53941/iwt.2026.100006.
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