2608004849
  • Open Access
  • Review

New Challenges and Directions for Technology Innovation in China: A Review of the 14th Five-Year Plan and an Outlook on the 15th Five-Year Plan

  • Jinzhi Li

Received: 12 May 2026 | Revised: 22 Jul 2026 | Accepted: 05 Oct 2026 | Published: 14 Oct 2026

Abstract

This paper reviews the main achievements of China’s science and technology (S&T) development during the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) and connects them to the priorities set out in the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026–2030). Drawing on official Chinese statistics, reports from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and peer-reviewed research, the paper traces a steady rise in research-and-development (R&D) intensity, a first-time entry into the global top ten on innovation rankings, and substantial progress in artificial intelligence, semiconductors, quantum technologies, green energy, biotechnology, aerospace, nuclear fusion, and sixth-generation (6G) telecommunications. It then examines how the 15th Plan translates these gains into a new agenda organized around self-reliance, original innovation, and what Chinese policymakers describe as “new quality productive forces”. The paper also identifies persistent challenges, especially in advanced-node chip manufacturing, demographic and fiscal pressure on R&D, and mounting technology-related trade friction, that will shape the trajectory of innovation in China during the coming five years.

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Li, J. New Challenges and Directions for Technology Innovation in China: A Review of the 14th Five-Year Plan and an Outlook on the 15th Five-Year Plan. Journal of Emerging Technologies with Industrial Applications 2026, 1 (2), 8. https://doi.org/10.53941/jetia.2026.100008.
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