NEMD/
Articles/
2608004933
  • Open Access
  • Review

Jahn-Teller Effect in Cathodes for Rechargeable Metal-Ion Batteries: A Review

  • Yicheng Lin 1,2,3,   
  • Shaohua Luo 1,2,3,4,*

Received: 13 Jul 2026 | Revised: 03 Aug 2026 | Accepted: 17 Aug 2026 | Published: 09 Sep 2026

Abstract

The Jahn-Teller effect is an origin of structural instability in many cathodes for secondary ion batteries. The primary Jahn-Teller active centers in cathodes are usually high-spin Mn3+, low-spin Ni3+, and high-spin Fe4+, which are usually considered one of the roots of lattice strain, phase transitions, particle cracking, and transition-metal dissolution. However, emerging studies reveal that regulated Jahn-Teller distortion can also facilitate alkali-ion diffusion, mitigate lattice strain, and enhance structural reversibility. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms of the Jahn-Teller effect on the structural stability and ion diffusion of cathodes should be viewed from both perspectives. This review summarizes the current reports of the Jahn-Teller effect across diverse cathodes and highlights its dual role as both detrimental and beneficial. The regulation strategies are summarized, including cationic doping, anionic substitution, structural and interfacial engineering, electrolyte optimization, and the rational harnessing of beneficial distortion. By bridging underlying mechanisms with modification strategies, this review offers a reference for the future design of high-performance cathodes in next-generation secondary ion batteries.

Graphical Abstract

Image Viewer
Open in new tab
Download Image

References 

  • 1.

    Zhang, R.; Wang, C.; Zou, P.; et al. Compositionally Complex Doping for Zero-Strain Zero-Cobalt Layered Cathodes. Nature 2022, 610, 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05115-z.

  • 2.

    Lu, D.; Li, R.; Rahman, M.M.; et al. Ligand-Channel-Enabled Ultrafast Li-Ion Conduction. Nature 2024, 627, 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07045-4.

  • 3.

    Dunn, B.; Kamath, H.; Tarascon, J.M. Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices. Science 2011, 334, 928–935. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1212741.

  • 4.

    Liu, T.; Liu, J.; Li, L.; et al. Origin of Structural Degradation in Li-Rich Layered Oxide Cathode. Nature 2022, 606, 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04689-y.

  • 5.

    Guo, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; et al. Unlocking the Energy Capabilities of Micron-Sized LiFePO4. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7898. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8898.

  • 6.

    Li, L.; Hu, Z.; Liu, Q.; et al. Cathode Materials for High-Performance Potassium-Ion Batteries. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2021, 2, 100657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100657.

  • 7.

    Xie, J.; Lu, Y.C. A Retrospective on Lithium-Ion Batteries. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2499. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16259-9.

  • 8.

    Zhao, C.; Wang, C.; Liu, X.; et al. Suppressing Strain Propagation in Ultrahigh-Ni Cathodes during Fast Charging via Epitaxial Entropy-Assisted Coating. Nat. Energy 2024, 9, 345–356. Erratum in Nat. Energy 2024, 9, 622. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01465-2.

  • 9.

    Li, X.; Ma, X.; Su, D.; et al. Direct Visualization of the Jahn-Teller Effect Coupled to Na Ordering in Na5/8MnO2. Nat. Mater. 2014, 13, 586–592. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3964.

  • 10.

    Nagle-Cocco, L.A.V.; Genreith-Schriever, A.R.; Steele, J.M.A.; et al. Displacive Jahn-Teller Transition in NaNiO2. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 29560–29574. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c09922.

  • 11.

    Celiberti, L.; Fiore Mosca, D.; Allodi, G.; et al. Spin-Orbital Jahn-Teller Bipolarons. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 2429. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46621-0.

  • 12.

    Palenik, M.C.; Dunlap, B.I.; Gunlycke, D. Jahn-Teller Effect in Density-Functional Theory. Phys. Rev. A 2019, 99, 022502. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.99.022502.

  • 13.

    Fei, W.; Sui, Y.; Liu, Y.; et al. Identifying the Relaxative Internal Friction Behavior of Mn2+/Mn3+ Redox in Na4Fe1.5Mn1.5(PO4)2(P2O7) Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS Nano 2025, 19, 38827–38840. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c15518.

  • 14.

    Wang, P.F.; Jin, T.; Zhang, J.; et al. Elucidation of the Jahn-Teller Effect in a Pair of Sodium Isomer. Nano Energy 2020, 77, 105167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105167.

  • 15.

    Wachs, S.J.; Behling, C.; Ranninger, J.; et al. Online Monitoring of Transition-Metal Dissolution from a High-Ni-Content Cathode Material. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 33075–33082. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c07932.

  • 16.

    Huang, D.; Engtrakul, C.; Nanayakkara, S.; et al. Understanding Degradation at the Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode/Electrolyte Interface: Connecting Transition-Metal Dissolution Mechanisms to Electrolyte Composition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 11930–11939. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c22235.

  • 17.

    Gao, L.; Wu, X.Y.; Jiang, X.; et al. Strain Mitigation and Dispersion Induced by Jahn-Teller Distortion for Enhanced Cycling Performance in Sodium Layered Oxides. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e74747. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.74747.

  • 18.

    Zhang, G.; Li, J.; Fan, Y.; et al. Suppressed P2–P2′ Phase Transition of Fe/Mn-Based Layered Oxide Cathode for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 51, 559–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.06.045.

  • 19.

    Zhu, Y.; Wu, D.; Yang, X.; et al. Microscopic Investigation of Crack and Strain of LiCoO2 Cathode Cycled under High Voltage. Energy Storage Mater. 2023, 60, 102828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.102828.

  • 20.

    Tian, F.; Ben, L.; Yu, H.; et al. Understanding High-Temperature Cycling-Induced Crack Evolution and Associated Atomic-Scale Structure in a Ni-Rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Layered Cathode Material. Nano Energy 2022, 98, 107222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107222.

  • 21.

    Li, X.; Wang, Y.; Wu, D.; et al. Jahn-Teller Assisted Na Diffusion for High Performance Na Ion Batteries. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 6575–6583. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02440.

  • 22.

    Lin, Y.; Luo, S.; Zhao, W.; et al. The Mystic Role of High-Entropy Designs in Rechargeable Metal-Ion Batteries: A Review. J. Energy Chem. 2024, 98, 441–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2024.06.049.

  • 23.

    Miñarro, A.S.; Villa, M.; Casals, B.; et al. Spin-Orbit Entanglement Driven by the Jahn-Teller Effect. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 8694. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-52848-8.

  • 24.

    Li, H.; Xu, J.; Yang, L.; et al. Advancing Mn-Based Electrocatalysts: Evolving from Mn-Centered Octahedral Entities to Bulk Forms. eScience 2025, 5, 100368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esci.2024.100368.

  • 25.

    Asl, H.Y.; Manthiram, A. Reining in Dissolved Transition-Metal Ions. Science 2020, 369, 140–141. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5454.

  • 26.

    Xia, H.; Tang, Y.; Malyi, O.I.; et al. Deep Cycling for High-Capacity Li-Ion Batteries. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2004998. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004998.

  • 27.

    Deng, C.; Li, X.; Chen, R.; et al. Recent Advances in Rocking Chair Batteries and Beyond. Energy Storage Mater. 2023, 60, 102820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.102820.

  • 28.

    Wang, R.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, R.; et al. Stable and High-Capacity MnO2-Organic Aqueous “Rocking Chair” Battery. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 523, 168861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.168861.

  • 29.

    Nguyen, J.; Lee, Y.; Yang, Y. Suppression of High Spin State of Mn for the Improvement of Mn-Based Materials in Rechargeable Batteries. Small 2026, 22, 2410453. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202410453.

  • 30.

    Tesfamhret, Y.; Younesi, R.; Berg, E.J. Influence of Al2O3 Coatings on HF Induced Transition Metal Dissolution from Lithium-Ion Cathodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2022, 169, 010530. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4ab1.

  • 31.

    Callegari, D.; Canini, M.; Davino, S.; et al. Chitosan-Decorated Alumina Hybrid Nanoparticles as Smart Scavengers of HF and Dissolved Transition Metals in Lithium-Ion Batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2406315. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202406315.

  • 32.

    Lee, Y.K. Effect of Porous Structure and Morphology of Cathode on the Degradation of Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Energy Storage 2022, 52, 104788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104788.

  • 33.

    Gan, J.; Wu, Z.; Zheng, C.; et al. Degradation, Intrinsic Microstrains, and Phase Structure Engineering in Lithium-Rich Oxide Cathode Materials. ACS Energy Lett. 2024, 9, 6153–6169. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c02980.

  • 34.

    Rynearson, L.; Antolini, C.; Jayawardana, C.; et al. Speciation of Transition Metal Dissolution in Electrolyte from Common Cathode Materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202317109. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202317109.

  • 35.

    Yu, N.; Xiang, Y.; Cheng, P.; et al. Inhibition of Manganese Ion Migration and Dissolution by Selective Ions Sieving Effect of MOF-Based Solid Electrolytes. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2025, 686, 776–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.01.264.

  • 36.

    Li, F.; Liu, J.; He, J.; et al. Additive-Assisted Hydrophobic Li+-Solvated Structure for Stabilizing Dual Electrode Electrolyte Interphases through Suppressing LiPF6 Hydrolysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202205091. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202205091.

  • 37.

    Spotte-Smith, E.W.C.; Petrocelli, T.B.; Patel, H.D.; et al. Elementary Decomposition Mechanisms of Lithium Hexafluorophosphate in Battery Electrolytes and Interphases. ACS Energy Lett. 2023, 8, 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02351.

  • 38.

    Zhang, B.; Liang, Z.; Dong, P.; et al. Progress on the Attenuation Mechanism and Modification of the Cobalt-Free Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. Adv. Sci. 2025, 12, e08121. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202508121.

  • 39.

    Hou, X.; Liu, X.; Wang, H.; et al. Specific Countermeasures to Intrinsic Capacity Decline Issues and Future Direction of LiMn2O4 Cathode. Energy Storage Mater. 2023, 57, 577–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.02.015.

  • 40.

    Huang, Y.; Dong, Y.; Li, S.; et al. Lithium Manganese Spinel Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2000997. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000997.

  • 41.

    Amatucci, G.G.; Schmutz, C.N.; Blyr, A.; et al. Materials’ Effects on the Elevated and Room Temperature Performance of CLiMn2O4 Li-Ion Batteries. J. Power Sources 1997, 69, 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(97)02542-1.

  • 42.

    Haruna, A.B.; Barrett, D.H.; Rodella, C.B.; et al. Microwave Irradiation Suppresses the Jahn-Teller Distortion in Spinel LiMn2O4 Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Electrochim. Acta 2022, 426, 140786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140786.

  • 43.

    Zhang, B.; Liu, Y.; Gu, Y.; et al. Near-Surface Reconstruction in Cobalt-Free Spinel Positive Electrodes for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2026, 702, 138986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.138986.

  • 44.

    Wu, F.; Dong, J.; Chen, L.; et al. High-Voltage and High-Safety Nickel-Rich Layered Cathode Enabled by a Self-Reconstructive Cathode/Electrolyte Interphase Layer. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 41, 495–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.06.018.

  • 45.

    Thackeray, M.M.; Amine, K. Layered Li–Ni–Mn–Co Oxide Cathodes. Nat. Energy 2021, 6, 933. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00860-3.

  • 46.

    Park, G.T.; Park, N.Y.; Ryu, H.H.; et al. Nano-Rods in Ni-Rich Layered Cathodes for Practical Batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2024, 53, 11462–11518. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cs01110k.

  • 47.

    Xi, K.; Chu, S.; Zhang, X.; et al. A High-Performance Layered Cr-Based Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Nano Energy 2020, 67, 104215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104215.

  • 48.

    Delmas, C.; Fouassier, C.; Hagenmuller, P. Structural Classification and Properties of the Layered Oxides. Phys. B C 1980, 99, 81–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4363(80)90214-4.

  • 49.

    Bai, Z.; Kandasamy, S.; Wang, W.; et al. Ni Migration-Induced Strain and Phase Segregation in LiNiO2 Cathodes. ACS Nano 2025, 19, 19364–19372. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c03288.

  • 50.

    Hao, Q.; Du, F.; Xu, T.; et al. Evaluation of Nb-Doping on Performance of LiNiO2 in Wide Temperature Range. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2022, 907, 116034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116034.

  • 51.

    Genreith-Schriever, A.R.; Alexiu, A.; Phillips, G.S.; et al. Jahn-Teller Distortions and Phase Transitions in LiNiO2: Insights from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics and Variable-Temperature X-ray Diffraction. Chem. Mater. 2024, 36, 2289–2303. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02413.

  • 52.

    Xu, C.; Reeves, P.J.; Jacquet, Q.; et al. Phase Behavior during Electrochemical Cycling of Ni-Rich Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2003404. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202003404.

  • 53.

    Phillips, G.S.; Steele, J.M.A.; Sayed, F.N.; et al. Collinear Jahn-Teller Ordering Induces Monoclinic Distortion in “Defect-Free” LiNiO2. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 29042–29051. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c07435.

  • 54.

    Ryu, H.H.; Namkoong, B.; Kim, J.H.; et al. Capacity Fading Mechanisms in Ni-Rich Single-Crystal NCM Cathodes. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 2726–2734. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01089.

  • 55.

    Kim, Y.; Kim, H.; Shin, W.; et al. Insights into the Microstructural Engineering of Cobalt-Free, High-Nickel Cathodes Based on Surface Energy for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2204054. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202204054.

  • 56.

    Cui, Z.; Zuo, P.; Guo, Z.; et al. Formation and Detriments of Residual Alkaline Compounds on High-Nickel Layered Oxide Cathodes. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2402420. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202402420.

  • 57.

    Bao, D.; Zhou, J.; Wang, L.; et al. Enhancing Cycling Stability of High-Nickel Cobalt-Free LiNiO2 through La/Al Synergistic Modification: A One-Step Synthesis Approach. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2025, 37, 111774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111774.

  • 58.

    Park, G.T.; Namkoong, B.; Kim, S.B.; et al. Introducing High-Valence Elements into Cobalt-Free Layered Cathodes for Practical Lithium-Ion Batteries. Nat. Energy 2022, 7, 946–954. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01106-6.

  • 59.

    Li, Y.; Li, W.; Yang, H.; et al. Understanding Lithium-Rich Manganese-Based Cathode Materials from the Perspectives of Lattice Challenges and Doping Engineering. Sci. China Chem. 2026, 69, 1701–1720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-025-2964-4.

  • 60.

    Song, W.; Lu, D.; Yu, H.; et al. Synergistic Surface Reinforcement and Jahn-Teller Distortion Migration by MgAl2O4 Coating for Long-Term Cycling Lithium-Rich Layered Oxides. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e16549. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202516549.

  • 61.

    Yang, T.; Jiang, M.; Lou, J.; et al. Electrolyte-Induced Interfacial/Bulk Dual Regulation Enables Negligible Capacity Decay in Li-Rich Cathodes. Adv. Mater. 2026, 38, e72969. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.72969.

  • 62.

    Wang, C.; Liu, L.; Zhao, S.; et al. Tuning Local Chemistry of P2 Layered-Oxide Cathode for High Energy and Long Cycles of Sodium-Ion Battery. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 2256. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22523-3.

  • 63.

    Sun, S.; Li, J.; Xu, C.; et al. Manganese-Based Layered Oxides for Electrochemical Energy Storage: A Review of Degradation Mechanisms and Engineering Strategies at the Atomic Level. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 19231–19253. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ta02242g.

  • 64.

    Liu, X.; Zuo, W.; Zheng, B.; et al. P2-Na0.67AlxMn1−xO2: Cost-Effective, Stable and High-Rate Sodium Electrodes by Suppressing Phase Transitions and Enhancing Sodium Cation Mobility. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 18086–18095. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201911698.

  • 65.

    Li, S.; Zhou, W.; Liu, F.; et al. Mitigating Long Range Jahn-Teller Ordering to Stabilize Mn Redox Reaction in Biphasic Layered Sodium Oxide. Adv. Energy Mater. 2025, 15, 2403955. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202403955.

  • 66.

    Wu, X.; Chen, C.; Zhao, C.; et al. Achieving Long-Enduring High-Voltage Oxygen Redox in P2-Structured Layered Oxide Cathodes by Eliminating Nonlattice Oxygen Redox. Small 2023, 19, 2300878. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202300878.

  • 67.

    Lin, Y.; Luo, S.; Cong, J.; et al. Strategies for Developing Layered Oxide Cathodes, Carbon-Based Anodes, and Electrolytes for Potassium Ion Batteries. Mater. Horiz. 2024, 11, 2053–2076. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3mh02118a.

  • 68.

    Lin, Y.; Luo, S.; Li, P.; et al. Introducing Strong Metal–Oxygen Bonds to Suppress the Jahn-Teller Effect and Enhance the Structural Stability of Ni/Co-Free Mn-Based Layered Oxide Cathodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries. J. Energy Chem. 2025, 101, 713–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2024.10.017.

  • 69.

    Lin, Y.; Luo, S.; Cong, J.; et al. Finding the Perfect Fit: Optimal Mn-Ion Site Modification to Improve the Electrochemical Performance of Ni/Co-Free Mn-Based Layered Oxide Cathode toward Potassium-Ion Batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 515, 163777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.163777.

  • 70.

    Kim, H.; Seo, D.H.; Kim, J.C.; et al. Investigation of Potassium Storage in Layered P3-Type K0.5MnO2 Cathode. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702480. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702480.

  • 71.

    Luo, R.J.; Li, X.L.; Ding, J.Y.; et al. Suppressing Jahn-Teller Distortion and Phase Transition of K0.5MnO2 by K-Site Mg Substitution for Potassium-Ion Batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 47, 408–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.02.027.

  • 72.

    Zhou, H.; Li, S.; Wei, J.; et al. Mitigating Jahn-Teller Distortion in Mn-Based Layered Potassium-Ion Battery Cathodes via Controlled Lattice Distortion. Chem. Eng. J. 2026, 530, 173573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026.173573.

  • 73.

    Tang, Y.; Liu, H.; Zhu, X.; et al. Restraining the Jahn-Teller Distortion in Mn-Based Layered Cathodes toward High-Performance Potassium-Ion Batteries, ACS Nano 2025, 19, 21118–21129. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c05389.

  • 74.

    Wang, Y.; Jiang, N.; Yao, L.; et al. Self-Healing of Manganese Prussian Blue Analogues via Thermodynamically Driven in Situ Engineered Nickel Cages in Electrochemical Processes. J. Energy Chem. 2026, 112, 532–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2025.08.063.

  • 75.

    Liu, Q.; Zhang, D.; Yang, Y.; et al. Encapsulation of Prussian Blue Analogues with Conductive Polymers for High-Performance Ammonium-Ion Storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 2025, 15, 2402863. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202402863.

  • 76.

    Fu, H.; Wang, X.; Ye, L.; et al. Optimizing Fe in Mn-Based Prussian Blue Analogs with Dual Redox-Active Sites to Enhance Operating Voltage and Durability in Zn-Ion Batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 506, 160308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.160308.

  • 77.

    Kang, H.; Wang, L.; Li, L.; et al. Surface Gradient Doping Enables High-Capacity and Long-Life Manganese-Based Prussian Blue Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2026, 65, e6338402. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.6338402.

  • 78.

    Choi, Y.; Zhang, B.; Zhao, S.; et al. Prussian Blue Analogues with Entropically Stabilized Coordination Environment for High-Energy and Long-Life Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2026, 148, 16668–16678. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c19985.

  • 79.

    Li, Q.; Wu, S.; Zhu, Y.; et al. Understanding the Tunnel-Structured Evolution in α-MnO2 Cathode Failure for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2026, 18, 31255–31264. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c03824.

  • 80.

    Cui, S.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, G.; et al. Reaction Mechanism for the α-MnO2 Cathode in Aqueous Zn Ion Batteries Revisited: Elucidating the Irreversible Transformation of α-MnO2 into Zn–Vernadite. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 25620–25632. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ta07608j.

  • 81.

    Lu, M.; Wang, C.; Chen, F.Y.; et al. Axial Compressive Strain Stabilized High Spin State of Mn3+ Enables High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e30504. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202530504.

  • 82.

    Lei, K.; Zhu, Z.; Yin, Z.; et al. Dual Interphase Layers in Situ Formed on a Manganese-Based Oxide Cathode Enable Stable Potassium Storage. Chem 2019, 5, 3220–3231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2019.10.008.

  • 83.

    Wang, H.; Gao, R.; Li, Z.; et al. Different Effects of Al Substitution for Mn or Fe on the Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2 as a Sodium Ion Battery Cathode Material. Inorg. Chem. 2018, 57, 5249–5257. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00284.

  • 84.

    Walczak, K.; Plewa, A.; Ghica, C.; et al. NaMn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Ti0.2O2 High-Entropy Layered Oxide—Experimental and Theoretical Evidence of High Electrochemical Performance in Sodium Batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 47, 500–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.02.038.

  • 85.

    Ding, F.; Zhao, C.; Xiao, D.; et al. Using High-Entropy Configuration Strategy to Design Na-Ion Layered Oxide Cathodes with Superior Electrochemical Performance and Thermal Stability. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 8286–8295. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c02353.

  • 86.

    Lun, Z.; Ouyang, B.; Kwon, D.H.; et al. Cation-Disordered Rocksalt-Type High-Entropy Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries. Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-00816-0.

  • 87.

    Xu, Y.S.; Qi, M.Y.; Zhang, Q.H.; et al. Anion Doping for Layered Oxides with a Solid-Solution Reaction for Potassium-Ion Battery Cathodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 13379–13387. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c00811.

  • 88.

    Kim, S.B.; Kim, H.; Park, D.H.; et al. Li-Ion Diffusivity and Electrochemical Performance of Ni-Rich Cathode Material Doped with Fluoride Ions. J. Power Sources 2021, 506, 230219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230219.

  • 89.

    Hou, P.; Dong, M.; Li, F.; et al. Recent Advances in Cathode Materials with Core–Shell Structures and Concentration Gradients for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2409518. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202409518.

  • 90.

    Zhang, N.; Zaker, N.; Li, H.; et al. Cobalt-Free Nickel-Rich Positive Electrode Materials with a Core–Shell Structure. Chem. Mater. 2019, 31, 10150–10160. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b03515.

  • 91.

    Bolloju, S.; Vangapally, N.; Elias, Y.; et al. Electrolyte Additives for Li-Ion Batteries: Classification by Elements. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2025, 147, 101349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2024.101349.

  • 92.

    Qian, Y.; Hu, S.; Zou, X.; et al. How Electrolyte Additives Work in Li-Ion Batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 20, 208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.11.015.

Share this article:
Download PDF
Issue
Volume 1, Issue 1
How to Cite
Lin, Y.; Luo, S. Jahn-Teller Effect in Cathodes for Rechargeable Metal-Ion Batteries: A Review. New Energy Materials and Devices 2026, 1 (1), 75–99.
RIS
BibTex
Copyright & License
article copyright Image
Copyright (c) 2026 by the authors.
Article Metrics
27
Article Views
0
Citations