Lithium batteries are crucial for powering portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, profoundly impacting our global society. However, their repeated charge and discharge cycles cause structural changes that lead to mechanical fractures in the internal components, significantly reducing cycling lifetimes of lithium batteries. Utilizing intrinsic self-healing polymers is a promising strategy to address these issues, as these materials can spontaneously repair mechanical cracks or damages, resulting in greatly enhanced electrochemical performance. In this review, we present and highlight how self-healing polymers contribute to improved electrochemical performance in lithium batteries. We first introduce the self-healing mechanisms identified in current self-healing functions, including external and intrinsic self-healing. Then, we discuss their effects on different electrolyte and binder materials. Key examples illustrating the efficacy of self-healing polymers in extending cycle life and improving battery stability are discussed. Finally, we propose some challenges and future opportunities in this evolving field to stimulate the rational design of advanced self-healing polymers for stable lithium batteries.