A Narrative Review on the Development and Evolution of Biometric Recognition

Kaihui Wu

doi:10.53941/aieng.2026.100009

Abstract

Biometric recognition based on physiological and behavioral traits has become a core supporting technology in the field of information security. This article provides a structured narrative review that systematically combs the development history of biometric recognition around six typical unimodal modules, namely iris, fingerprint, face, finger vein, ECG, and gait, as well as the technical progress of multimodal fusion. On this basis, this review sorts out representative research to show key technical breakthroughs, performance promotion and module expansion achieved in recent years. Meanwhile, typical challenges faced by the current field are analyzed, and feasible development trends in the future are discussed.

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