ALE/
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2609005258
  • Open Access
  • Article

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of HSP Gene Family in Gracilaria vermiculophylla under Heat Stress

  • Jialong Xu 1,   
  • Kunkun Duan 1,   
  • Wenna Chen 1,   
  • Weihui Zeng 2,   
  • Hong Du 1,*,   
  • Jianbo Jian 1,*

Received: 26 Jun 2026 | Revised: 09 Sep 2026 | Accepted: 22 Sep 2026 | Published: 30 Sep 2026

Abstract

Marine heatwaves driven by global warming are increasing in both frequency and intensity, posing a severe and persistent threat to intertidal red algae. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are vital molecular chaperones that maintain protein homeostasis under environmental stress, but our understanding of HSP-mediated heat tolerance in marine macroalgae remains fragmentary. In this study, 54 HSP genes in Gracilaria vermiculophylla were identified and classified into five ancestral superfamilies (sHSP, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90) based on Hidden Markov Model research, phylogenetic analysis, and conserved motif distributions. Each family exhibited relatively conserved genetic structures and motif components, while distinct families showed functional diversity. Functional annotation and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis indicate that HSP70 occupies a central position in the chaperone network, with promoters enriched in light-responsive elements and motifs associated with ABA and MeJA signaling. Transcriptomic profiling under heat stress demonstrated a highly coordinated, family-specific response. sHSPs were strongly induced, with log2FoldChange values exceeding 10, while HSP70 and HSP90 were highly expressed and centrally connected in the chaperone network. Interestingly, the HSP40 and HSP60 superfamilies exhibited diverse expression patterns, including both significant up- and down-regulations, suggesting a hierarchical, network response to heat stress. In conclusion, this study reveals a stress-responsive chaperone network and also provides valuable insights for functional analyses and the genetic improvement of stress resilience in economic macroalgae. The result has important implications for protecting seaweed species diversity and community functions in coastal areas in the face of global warming.

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Supplementary Materials
DOI
10.53941/ale.2026.100014
Issue
Volume 2, Issue 3
How to Cite
Xu, J.; Duan, K.; Chen, W.; Zeng, W.; Du, H.; Jian, J. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of HSP Gene Family in Gracilaria vermiculophylla under Heat Stress. Aquatic Life and Ecosystems 2026, 2 (3), 14. https://doi.org/10.53941/ale.2026.100014.
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