2504000336
  • Open Access
  • Article
Intercultural Adaptation of Chinese People in the UK on the Eve of the COVID-19 Pandemic
  • Siqi Li

Abstract

The development of globalization has intensified the growth of the worldwide floating population, and, in turn, diaspora studies and intercultural adaptation research have become hot research topics. This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the circumstances of intercultural adaptation among Chinese people in the UK on the eve of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research suggests that the extent of intercultural adaptation among individuals is somewhat correlated with their subjective willingness, English language proficiency, and duration of residence in the host society. These factors interact with one another to influence the level of intercultural adaptation. One of the most significant sociocultural adaptation challenges faced by Chinese workers in the UK during their intercultural adaptation process is the English language barrier. Despite some Chinese workers having lived in the UK for decades, their intercultural adaptation remains at the adaptation stage, and they struggle to reach the integration stage.

References 

  • 1.
    Adler, Peter S. (1975). The transitional experience: An alternative view of culture shock. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15(15), 13-23.
  • 2.
    Bennett, Milton J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10 (2), 95-179.
  • 3.
    Bennett, Milton J. (1993). Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In R. Michael Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 109–135). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
  • 4.
    Berger, Charles R., & Calabrese, Richard J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1(1), 99-112.
  • 5.
    Berry, John W. & Kim, Uichol. (1988). Acculturation and mental health. In Pierre R. Dasen, John W. Berry, & Norman Sartorius (Eds.), Health and cross-cultural psychology (pp. 207-236). New York: Sage Publications.
  • 6.
    Black, J. Stewart, & Gregersen, Hal B. (1991). Antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment for expatriates in Pacific Rim assignments. Human Relations, 44(44), 497-515.
  • 7.
    Bochner, Stephen. (1982). Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • 8.
    Braziel, Jana Evans & Mannur, Anita. (2003). Theorizing diaspora: A reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  • 9.
    Brown, Lorraine, & Holloway, Immy. (2008). The initial stage of the international sojourn: Excitement or culture shock? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 36 (1), 33-49.
  • 10.
    Cristina, Dale. (2011). Diaspora. In D. Southerton (Ed.), Encyclopedia of consumer culture (pp. 448-449). New York: Sage Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412994248.n167
  • 11.
    Dalisay, Francis. (2012). Media use and acculturation of new immigrants in the United States. Communication Research Reports, 29(2), 60-148.
  • 12.
    Denscombe, Martyn. (2014). The good research guide: For small-scale social research projects. Berkshire: Open University Press.
  • 13.
    Furnham, Adrian. (1988). The adjustment of sojourners. In Y. Y. Kim, & W. B.
  • 14.
    Gudykunst (Eds.), Cross-cultural adaptation: Current approaches (pp. 42-61). New York: Sage Publications.
  • 15.
    Gordon, Milton M. (1964). Assimilation in American life: The role of race, religion and national origins. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • 16.
    Gudykunst, William B. (1988). Uncertainty and anxiety. In Y. Y. Kim & W. B. Gudykunst (Eds.), Theories in intercultural communication (pp. 123-156). New York: Sage Publications.
  • 17.
    Gudykunst, William B. (1993). Toward a theory of interpersonal and intergroup communication: An Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) perspective. In R.
  • 18.
    Wiseman & J. Koester (Eds.), Intercultural communication competence (pp. 33-. New York: Sage Publications.
  • 19.
    Gudykunst, William B. (1995). Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) theory: Current status. In R. Wiseman (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 8-, New York: Sage Publications.
  • 20.
    Gudykunst, William B. (1998). Applying Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) theory to intercultural adaptation training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(22), 227-250.
  • 21.
    Gullahorn, John T. & Gullahorn, Jeanne E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 19(3), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1963.tb00447.x
  • 22.
    Hammer, Mitchell R. (2008). The Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI): An approach for assessing and building intercultural competence. In M. A. Moodian (Ed.), Contemporary leadership and intercultural competence: Understanding and utilizing cultural diversity to build successful organizations (pp. 203-217). New York: Sage Publications.
  • 23.
    Hammer, Mitchell R. (1989). Intercultural communication competence. In M. K.
  • 24.
    Asante, & W. B. Gudykunst (Eds.), The handbook of international and intercultural communication (pp. 247-260). New York: Sage Publications.
  • 25.
    Hammer, Mitchell R.; Gudykunst, William B., & Wiseman, Richard L. (1978). Dimensions of intercultural effectiveness: An exploratory study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2(2), 382-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147- 1767(78)90036-6
  • 26.
    Hammer, Mitchell; Bennett, Milton J. & Wiseman, Richard. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The Intercultural Development Inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421-443.
  • 27.
    Harris, Philip R.; Moran, Robert T., & Moran, Sarah V. (2004). Managing cultural differences: Global leadership strategies for the 21st century. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • 28.
    Hmida, Manel Hadj; Ozcaglar-Toulouse, Nil, & Fosse-Gomez, Marie-Helene. (2009). Towards an understanding of media usage and acculturation. Advances in Consumer Research, 36(36), 524-531.
  • 29.
    Hofstede, Geeert. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. McGraw- London: Hill.
  • 30.
    Kim, Young Yun. (1977). Communication patterns of foreign immigrants in the process of acculturation. Human Communication Research, 4(1), 66-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00598.x
  • 31.
    Kim, Young Yun. (2001). Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. New York: Sage Publications.
  • 32.
    Kim, Young Yun. (2005). Adapting to a new culture: An integrative communication theory. In William B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 375-400). New York: Sage Publications.
  • 33.
    Kim, Young Yun. (2017). Integrative communication theory of cross-cultural adaptation. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0041
  • 34.
    Kim, Young Yun & Ruben, B. (1988). Intercultural transformation: A systems theory. In Young Yun Kim, & William B. Gudykunst (Eds.), Theories in intercultural communication (pp. 299-321). New York: Sage Publications.
  • 35.
    Lee, Wei-Na & Tse, David K. (1994). Changing media consumption strategies: Acculturation patterns among Hong Kong immigrants to Canada. Journal of Advertising, 23(1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1994.10673431
  • 36.
    Lee, Wei-Na. (1989). The mass-mediated consumption realities of three cultural groups. Advances in Consumer Research, 16(1), 771-778. https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/6982/volumes/v16/NA-16
  • 37.
    Lucy, John A. (2001). Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 13486-13490. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08- 043076-7/03042-4
  • 38.
    Lysgaard, Sverre. (1955). Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States. International Social Science Bulletin, 7(7), 45-51.
  • 39.
    Migliorinia, Laura; Raniaa, Nadia, & Cardinali, Paola. (2015). Intercultural learning context and acculturation strategies. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 171(1), 374-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.135
  • 40.
    Oberg, Kalervo. (1960). Cultural shock: Adjustment to new cultural environment. Practical Anthropology, 7(7), 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/009182966000700405
  • 41.
    Organista, Pamela Balls; Gerardo Marin, G., & Chun, Kevin M. (2010). The psychology of ethnic groups in the United States (pp. 99-130). New York: Sage Publications.
  • 42.
    Perlovsky, Leonid. (2009). Language and emotions: Emotional Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Neural Networks, 22(5), 518-526.
  • 43.
    Plewa, Piotr. (2020). Chinese labor migration to Europe, 2008-16. Implications for China-EU mobility in the post-crisis context. International Migration, 58(3), 22- 42.
  • 44.
    Redfield, Robert; Linton, Ralph, & Herskovits, Melville J. (1935). Acculturation. Oceania, 6(2), 229-233.
  • 45.
    Sapir, Edward. (1921). Language: An introduction to the study of speech. New York: Brace and Company.
  • 46.
    Sapir, Edward. (2012). Language: An introduction to the study of speech. London: Andrews UK Limited.
  • 47.
    Searle, Wendy & Ward, Colleen. (1990). The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14 (4), 449-464.
  • 48.
    Siu, Paul C. P. (1952). The sojourner. The American Journal of Sociology, 58(1), 34- 44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2771791
  • 49.
    Tu, Mengwei. (2018). Education, migration and family relations between China and the UK: The transnational one-child generation. Leeds: Emerald Publishing.
  • 50.
    Ward, Colleen & Kennedy, Antony. (1996). Crossing cultures: The relationship between psychological and sociocultural dimensions of cross-cultural adjustment. In Jay Pandey, Debashis Sinha, & Dharm P. S. Bhawuk (Eds.), Asian contributions to cross-cultural psychology (pp. 289-306). New York: Sage Publications.
  • 51.
    Ward, Colleen; Bochner, Stephen, & Furnham, Adrian. (2001). The psychology of culture shock. London: Routledge.
  • 52.
    Zeller, William J. & Mosier, Robert. (1993). The W-Curve and the first year of college. Journal of College and University Student Housing, 23(2).
  • 53.
    Zhou, Min. (2017). Contemporary Chinese diasporas. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Share this article:
How to Cite
Li, S. (2024). Intercultural Adaptation of Chinese People in the UK on the Eve of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Intercultural Communication Studies, 33(1), 56–73. https://www.sciltp.com/journals/ics/articles/2504000336
RIS
BibTex
Copyright & License
article copyright Image
Intercultural Communication Studies