- 1.
Al-Shboul, Murad M.; Ahmad, Ismail Sheikh; Nordin, Mohamad Sahari, & Rahman, Zainurin Abdul. (2013). Foreign language anxiety and achievement: Systematic review. International Journal of English Linguistics, 3, 32–45.
- 2.
Arquero, José Luis; Fernández-Polvillo, Carmen; Hassall, Trevor, & Joyce, John. (2017). Relationships between communication apprehension, ambiguity tolerance, and learning styles in accounting students. Revista de Contabilidad, 20(1), 13–24.
- 3.
Ayres, Joe; Keereetaweep, Tanichya; Chen, Pao-En, & Edwards, Patricia A. (1998). Communication apprehension and employment interviews. Communication Education, 47(1), 1–17.
- 4.
Babapoor, Maryam; Seifoori, Zohreh, & Chehreh, Mahtaj. (2018). Intermediate EFL learners’ shyness, communication apprehension, the accuracy and fluency of their oral performance. Research in English Language Pedagogy, 6(2), 205–222.
- 5.
Baumgartner, Hans, & Homburg, Christian. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139–161.
- 6.
Berger, Charles R., & Calabrese, Richard J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Theory, 1, 99–112.
- 7.
Booth-Butterfield, Steven, & Gould, Malloy. (1986). The communication anxiety inventory: Validation of state- and context-communication apprehension. Communication Quarterly, 34(2), 194–205.
- 8.
Campero-Oliart, Alejandro R.; Lovelace, Christopher T., & Levitan, Lindstey C. (2020). Contexts of communication apprehension and their relation to self-esteem. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 25(1), 42–53.
- 9.
Comadena, Mark E. (1984). Brainstorming groups: Ambiguity tolerance, communication apprehension, task attraction, and individual productivity. Small Group Behavior, 15(2), 251–264.
- 10.
Doll, William J.; Xia, Weidong, & Torkzadeh, Gholamreza. (1994). A confirmatory factor analysis of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument. MIS Quarterly, 18(4) 453–461.
- 11.
Dwyer, Karen Kangas, & Davidson, Marlina M. (2012). Is public speaking really more feared than death? Communication Research Reports, 29(2), 99–107.
- 12.
Gelfand, Michele. (2019). Rule makers, rule breakers: Tight and loose cultures and the secret signals that direct our lives. Scribner.
- 13.
Hazel, Michael; Keaten, James, & Kelly, Lynne. (2014). The relationship between personality temperament, communication reticence, and fear of negative evaluation. Communication Research Reports, 31(4), 339–347.
- 14.
Heine, Steven J., & Lehman, Darrin R. (1997). The cultural construction of self- enhancement: an examination of group-serving biases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1268–1283.
- 15.
Higgins, E. Tory. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280– 1300.
- 16.
Higgins, E. Tory. (2012). Regulatory focus theory. In Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 483–504). SAGE.
- 17.
Higgins, E. Tory; Friedman, Ronald S.; Harlow, Robert E.; Idson, Lorraine Chen; Ayduk, Ozlem N., & Taylor, Amy. (2001). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 3–23.
- 18.
Hofstede, Geert. (1983). National cultures in four dimensions: A research-based theory of cultural differences among nations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 13(1–2), 46–74.
- 19.
Hofstede, Geert. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 1–25.
- 20.
Hsu, Chia-Fang. (2004). Sources of differences in communication apprehension between Chinese in Taiwan and Americans. Communication Quarterly, 52(4), 370–389.
- 21.
Ishimoto, Toshio. (2023). Survey: 74% keep wearing face masks after easing of rules. The Asahi Shimbun: Asia and Japan Watch.
- 22.
Japan to ease mask-wearing guidelines on March 13. (2023). The Japan News by The Yomiuri Shimbun.
- 23.
Johnson, Timothy; Shavitt, Sharon, & Holbrook, Allyson. (2011). Culture and response styles in survey research. In Cross-cultural research methods in psychology, (pp. 130–178). Cambridge University Press.
- 24.
Jibeen, Tahira; Baig, Mirza Muhammad Zubair & Ahmad, Mudassar Mahmood. (2019). Fear of negative evaluation and communication apprehension: The moderating role of communicative competence and extraversion personality trait in Pakistani academia. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 37, 185–201.
- 25.
Kearney, Patricia, & McCroskey, James C. (1980). Relationships among teacher communication style, trait and state communication apprehension and teacher effectiveness. Annals of the International Communication Association, 4(1), 533–551.
- 26.
Lebra, Takie Sugiyama. (2004). The Japanese self in cultural logic. University of Hawaii Press. Lee, Angela Y.; Aaker, Jennifer L., & Gardner, Wendi L. (2000). The pleasures and pains of
- 27.
distinct self-construals: The role of interdependence in regulatory focus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(6), 1122–1134.
- 28.
Markus, Hazel. R., & Kitayama, Shinnobu. (1991). Cultural variation in the self-concept. In The self: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp. 18–48). Springer.
- 29.
McCroskey, James C. (1977). Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research. Human Communication Research, 4(1), 78–96.
- 30.
McCroskey, James C. (2009). Communication apprehension: What have we learned in the last four decades. Human Communication, 12(2), 157–171.
- 31.
Motley, Michael T. (1988). Taking the terror out of talk. Psychology Today, 22(1), 46–49.
- 32.
Opt, Susan K., & Loffredo, Donald A. (2000). Rethinking communication apprehension: A Myers-Briggs perspective. The Journal of Psychology, 134(5), 556–570.
- 33.
Patterson, Miles. L., & Ritts, Vicki. (2012). Social and communicative anxiety: A review and meta-analysis. In B. R. Burleson (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 20 (pp. 263–303). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203856802
- 34.
Pryor, Burt; Butler, Jeff, & Boehringer, Kristin. (2005). Communication apprehension and cultural context: A comparison of communication apprehension in Japanese and American students. North American Journal of Psychology, 7(2), 247–252.
- 35.
Rashidi, Naser; Yamini, Mortaza, & Shafiei, Elham. (2011). Oral communication apprehension and affective factors: Self-esteem and introversion/extroversion. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 5(7), 145–174.
- 36.
Realo, Anu; Allik, Juri, & Vadi, Maaja. (1997). The hierarchical structure of collectivism. Journal of Research in Personality, 31(1), 93–116.
- 37.
Richmond, Virginia P. (1978). The relationship between trait and state communication apprehension and interpersonal perceptions during acquaintance stages. Human Communication Research, 4(4), 338–349.
- 38.
Richmond, Virginia P.; Heisel, Alan M.; Smith Jr, Ralph S., & McCroskey, James C. (1998). The impact of communication apprehension and fear of talking with a physician on perceived medical outcomes. Communication Research Reports, 15(4), 344–353.
- 39.
Russ, Travis L. (2012). The relationship between communication apprehension and learning preferences in an organizational setting. The Journal of Business Communication, 49(4), 312–331.
- 40.
Shek, Daniel T. L. (1988). Reliability and factorial structure of the Chinese version of the state-trait anxiety inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 10, 303–317.
- 41.
Shepperd, James A.; Emanuel, Amber S.; Dodd, Virginia J., & Logan, Henrietta L. (2016). The reliability of psychological instruments in community samples: A cautionary note. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(9), 2033–2041.
- 42.
Taras, Vas; Kirkman, Bradley L., & Steel, Piers. (2010). Examining the impact of Culture's consequences: A three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede's cultural value dimensions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(3), 405–439.
- 43.
Tsui, Judy & Windsor, Carolyn. (2001). Some cross-cultural evidence on ethical reasoning. Journal of Business Ethics, 31, 143–150.
- 44.
Ting-Toomey, Stella. (2017). Facework and face negotiation theory. In Y. Y. Kim (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of intercultural communication (pp. 1–5). John Wiley.
- 45.
Wang, Lina; Wu, Xiaoyan; Lee, Peter S., & Takai, Jiro. (2023) Intercultural communication anxiety, intercultural sensitivity, and global awareness in Japan, China, and the United States: The mediating roles of culture and language competence. Intercultural Communication Studies, 32(2), 21–37.
- 46.
Wang, Xiangdong; Wang, Xilin, & Ma, Hong. (1999). Rating scales for mental health. Chinese Mental Health Association Express. (In Chinese)
- 47.
Watson, Arden K., & Bossley, James R. (1995). Taking the sweat out of communication anxiety. Personnel Journal, 74, 111–118.
- 48.
Watson, David, & Friend, Ronald. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448–457.
- 49.
Weber, Elke U.; Ames, Daniel R., & Blais, Ann-Renee. (2005). ‘How do I choose thee? Let me count the ways’: A textual analysis of similarities and differences in modes of decision-making in China and the United States. Management and Organization Review, 1(1), 87–118.
- 50.
Wheeless, Lawrence R., & Williamson, Anna Maria. (1992). State-communication apprehension and uncertainty in continuing initial interactions. Southern Communication Journal, 57(4), 249–259.
- 51.
Yamagami, Makiko. (2008, September 19–21). Constructing the Japanese version of the regulatory focus scale: Promotion and prevention focus on different adaptive indices. Japanese Psychological Association 2008 Conference, Sapporo, Japan. (In Japanese)
- 52.
Yao, Qi; Le, Guoan; Wu, Chengcong; Li, Yanfei, & Chen, Chen. (2008). The measurement dimension of regulatory focus and the validity and reliability test of questionnaire. Chinese Journal of Applied Psychology, 14(4), 318–323. (In Chinese)
- 53.
Zhou, Li; Xi, Yiheng, & Lochtman, Katja. (2023). The relationship between second language competence and willingness to communicate: The moderating effect of foreign language anxiety. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 44(2), 129–143.