From Powder to Performance: Integrated Manufacturing and Post-Processing Strategies for Titanium Alloys

André F. V. Pedroso; Arnaldo G. Pinto; Ana Azevedo; Marisa Santos; Angelos P. Markoupolos; Marta L. S. Barbosa

doi:10.53941/jmem.2026.100034

Abstract

Titanium (Ti) alloys are critical engineering materials widely used in aerospace, biomedical, and high-performance applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, their broader adoption remains constrained by complex processing routes, high production costs, and significant challenges in machining and finishing. This review adopts a process chain perspective, analysing how manufacturing routes and post-processing strategies collectively determine the final performance of Ti-alloy components. It provides an integrated assessment of titanium alloy manufacturing routes, including casting, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, and hybrid additive–subtractive techniques, and evaluates their influence on microstructure, defect formation, dimensional accuracy, surface integrity, and mechanical behaviour. Emphasis is placed on post-processing operations, such as heat treatment, hot isostatic pressing, machining, and surface finishing, as essential stages for achieving the required structural integrity and service performance. The review further highlights the trade-offs associated with key additive manufacturing technologies, including powder bed fusion, directed energy deposition, and wire arc additive manufacturing, particularly in terms of strength, ductility, geometric capability, and surface quality. Hybrid manufacturing approaches are identified as especially promising because they integrate additive deposition with precision machining, enabling improved dimensional control and surface integrity. Finally, future directions are outlined in relation to process integration, digital manufacturing, predictive modelling, and improved process monitoring. Overall, the review demonstrates that the performance and reliability of Ti-alloy components should be understood as the result of an integrated manufacturing and post-processing process chain, rather than as the outcome of any single manufacturing process considered in isolation.

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