Semecarpus coriaceus Thwaites (Badulla): Botanical Profile, Traditional Uses, Pharmacological Activities, Toxicity, and Future Research Prospects

Dilna R. Karunathilaka; Nimesha N. Senadeera; Chandima Mahesh; Pathmanadan Pathmalojany; Anchala I. Kuruppu; Chathuranga B. Ranaweera

doi:10.53941/jmnp.2026.100020

Abstract

Semecarpus coriaceus Thwaites (locally known as ‘Badulla’) is an endemic Sri Lankan plant found in its native distribution in montane forests. Local communities are approaching it with caution due to its toxicity. Despite the toxicity, this plant is recognized in Sri Lankan indigenous and Ayurvedic medicine for its tremendous medicinal value. It is used as a substitute for Semecarpus anacardium L.f. in Ayurveda and indigenous medicinal practices. This narrative review compiles and critically assesses information on the botanical attributes, traditional uses, toxicity management, and purification techniques of Semecarpus coriaceus Thwaites, along with the pharmacological properties and existing scientific literature on the genus Semecarpus. Extensive literature searches were carried out using major electronic databases and reputable Ayurvedic and Sri Lankan traditional medicine textbooks and literature. The search terms used included “Semecarpus coriaceus Thwaites”, “Badulla”, “Semecarpus anacardium L.f.”, “Semecarpus genus”, and “pharmacological and bioactivities”. This is a narrative review; statistical tests were not applicable. In Sri Lankan folk, indigenous, and Ayurvedic medicinal systems, the plant is used as a panacea for various ailments. The plant materials should undergo a purification or detoxification process before use, owing to their inherent toxicity. While no direct pharmacological studies on S. coriaceus were identified, other species in the genus show significant bioactive potential. There is a significant research gap in scientific research regarding the pharmacological activities of Semecarpus coriaceus Thwaites. Studies conducted on the pharmacological properties of other species within the genus and the indigenous uses of Semecarpus coriaceus Thwaites suggest it may possess considerable unexplored medicinal potential.

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