Recent Progress in Atom-at-a-Time Chemistry of Superheavy Elements with State-of-the-Art Techniques

Yuichiro Nagame; Tetsuya K. Sato

Abstract

Chemical studies of superheavy elements (those with atomic numbers of ≥101) advance our understanding of the properties of matter at the limits of existence, clarify the influence of relativistic effects on atomic electrons, and expand the periodic table. These elements are synthesized by bombarding heavy actinide targets with heavy ions in accelerators and thus feature extremely low production rates and are usually available in quantities of several or often one atom at a time with their half-lives ranging from several minutes to fraction of a second. The need for chemical experiments to be performed on an atom-at-a-time basis imposes stringent procedural limits. Herein, we review chemical experiments recently conducted on superheavy elements using state-of-the-art techniques and discuss the related future prospects focusing on the identification of superheavy element–containing molecules in liquid and gas phases and the reactivity and other properties of individual superheavy atoms.

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