Research Progress of Electrodes, Electrolytes and Interfaces in Solid-State Batteries

Yujuan Wang; Juncheng Qiu; Shichong Wang; Cheng Huang; Lei Zhong; Meng Zhang

Abstract

Solid-state batteries have become a critical growth area for next-generation energy storage systems, driven by their inherent benefits of superior operational safety, exceptional theoretical energy density, and extended cycle life. This work provides a systematic overview of recent progress in solid-state battery research, organized around three core components: electrode materials, electrolytes, and interphase engineering. In terms of electrode design, commercially dominant cathode systems primarily include lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) and high-nickel nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) oxides, while anode development is heavily concentrated on lithium metal and carbon-based architectures. Each material class offers unique technical advantages but also suffers from intrinsic drawbacks, requiring tailored modification approaches to overcome their respective performance limitations. Electrolyte platforms are broadly categorized into three main families: polymer, oxide, and sulfide-based systems. For polymer electrolytes in particular, this review analyzes both free-standing electrolyte membranes and cathode-integrated coating layers, two configurations that exhibit distinct suitability for diverse application requirements. Interphase regulation represents the most significant barrier to the practical deployment of solid-state batteries. Longstanding challenges including poor solid-solid interfacial contact, elevated interfacial resistance, and undesired parasitic reactions severely degrade cell performance. These issues can be effectively alleviated through monolithic manufacturing techniques and targeted interphase modification strategies.

References

1.
Li, Q.Y.; Luo, D.; Gao, Y.N.; et al. Solvent-Free Preparation Technologies for Electrodes and Related Materials. Chin. J. Rare Met. 2023, 47, 1705–1715.
2.
Wang, X.; Kerr, R.; Chen, F.; et al. Toward high-energy-density lithium metal batteries: Opportunities and challenges for solid organic electrolytes. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1905219.
3.
Vishnugopi, B.S.; Kausthubharam; Sharma, A.K.; et al. Thermal Stability Landscape of Solid-State Batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 2026, 11, 2382–2398.
4.
Li, Y.; Ding, F.; Sang, L.; et al. Research Progress on Key Materials for All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries. Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 2016, 5, 615–626.
5.
Ma, J.; Zhang, S.; Zheng, Y.; et al. Interelectrode talk in solid-state lithium-metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2301892.
6.
Kakarla, A.K.; Akhtar, Z.; Kim, J.; et al. Beyond the Limits of Lithium Iron Phosphate: Cutting-Edge Innovations Toward High Performance and Sustainability for Next-Generation Batteries. Interdiscip. Mater. 2025, 4, 812–849.
7.
Bai, X.; Xie, F.; Zhang, Z.; et al. Prospects and strategies for single-crystal NCM materials to solve all-solid-state battery cathode interface problems. Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2401336.
8.
Tu, J.; Zhang, B.; Li, Y.; et al. Tunable Crystal Orientation and Particle Size Enable Stable Co-Free LNMO Cathode. EcoMat 2026, 8, e70056.
9.
Li, H.; Li, Y.; Zhang, L. Designing principles of advanced sulfur cathodes toward practical lithium-sulfur batteries. SusMat 2022, 2, 34–64.
10.
Brieske, D.M.; Warnecke, A.; Sauer, D.U. Modeling the volumetric expansion of the lithium-sulfur battery considering charge and discharge profiles. Energy Storage Mater. 2023, 55, 289–300.
11.
Lu, Y.; Liu, K. An ultrafast solidifying electrolyte enables high-safety lithium metal batteries. Sci. China Chem. 2026, 69, 2120–2121.
12.
Shu, W.; Zeng, Z.; Qin, M.; et al. Perspective on fast-charging lithium-ion batteries: Mechanism, detection, and suppression of graphite anode lithium plating. Energy Storage Mater. 2025, 81, 104479.
13.
Zhu, P.; Guo, X.; Yu, Q.; et al. Design strategies of Si-based anode for solid-state batteries. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2025, 36, 111383.
14.
An, Y.; Zeng, Y.; Luan, D.; et al. Materials design for high-energy-density anode-free batteries. Matter 2024, 7, 1466–1502.
15.
Wei, X.; Zhang, M.; Miao, B.; et al. Volumetric capacity enhancement in LiFePO₄ cathodes by hot isostatic pressing. Scr. Mater. 2021, 194, 113638.
16.
Cai, M.; Sun, C.; Le, D.; et al. Recent advances in synthesis and modification of phosphate-based cathode materials. J. Energy Storage 2024, 95, 112511.
17.
Mohanty, D.; Huang, P.H.; Hung, I.M. Preparation and characterization of a LiFePO₄-lithium salt composite cathode for all-solid-state Li-metal batteries. Batteries 2023, 9, 236.
18.
Huang, C.Y.; Zheng, H.F.; Qin, N.; et al. Single-Crystal High-Nickel Ternary Cathode Materials: Challenges and Strategies. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2024, 40, 41–61.
19.
Shen, W.; Huang, J.; Qu, X.; et al. Cracking Mechanism and Inhibition Strategies of Polycrystalline NCM Electrode Particles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 16, 57074–57090.
20.
Kwak, D.; Lim, W.G.; Shin, K.; et al. Solid-state conversion of metal oleate precursors for the preparation of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2020, 37, 1258–1265.
21.
Lu, Y.; Huang, X.; Ruan, Y.D.; et al. An in situ element permeation constructed high endurance Li-LLZO interface at high current densities, J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 18853–18858.
22.
Wu, J.F.; Chen, E.Y.; Yu, Y.; el al. Gallium-doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ garnet-type electrolytes with high lithium-ion conductivity, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 1542–1552.
23.
Lin, D.; Liu, W.; Liu, Y.; et al. High ionic conductivity of composite solid polymer electrolyte via in situ synthesis of monodispersed SiO₂ nanospheres in poly (ethylene oxide). Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 459–465.
24.
Suzuki, Y.; Kami, K.; Watanabe, K.; et al. Transparent cubic garnet-type solid electrolyte of Al₂O₃-doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂. Solid. State Ion. 2015, 278, 172–176.
25.
Raj, V.; Venturi, V.; Kankanallu, V.R.; et al. Direct correlation between void formation and lithium dendrite growth in solid-state electrolytes with interlayers. Nat. Mater. 2022, 21, 1050–1056.
26.
Chen, K.; Ding, Y.; Yang, L.; et al. Recycling of spent lithium–ion battery graphite anodes via a targeted repair scheme. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2024, 201, 107326.
27.
Ma, Z.; Zhuang, Y.; Deng, Y.; et al. From spent graphite to amorphous sp²+ sp³ carbon-coated sp² graphite for high-performance lithium ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2018, 376, 91–99.
28.
Ji, Y.; Zhang, H.; Yang, D.; et al. Regenerated graphite electrodes with reconstructed solid electrolyte interface and enclosed active lithium toward >100% initial coulombic efficiency. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2312548.
29.
Zhao, L.; Zhao, X.; Burke, L.T.; et al. Voronoi-Tessellated Graphite Produced by Low-Temperature Catalytic Graphitization from Renewable Resources. ChemSusChem 2017, 10, 3409–3418.
30.
Chen, W.; Salvatierra, R.V.; Li, J.T.; et al. Flash recycling of graphite anodes. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2207303.
31.
Feng, W.; Zhao, Y.; Xia, Y. Solid interfaces for the garnet electrolytes. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2306111.
32.
Wu, J.; Liu, S.; Han, F.; et al. Lithium/sulfide all-solid-state batteries using sulfide electrolytes. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2000751.
33.
Zhou, Y.; Wei, L.; Guo, X. Polymer-based electrolytes with high mechanical strength for multifunctional structural batteries. Energy Chem. 2025, 7, 100154.
34.
Wang, Q.; Bai, N.; Wang, Y.; et al. Optimization and progress of interface construction of ceramic oxide solid-state electrolytes in Li-metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2024, 71, 103589.
35.
Kim, D.H.; Cheon, S.; Kim, Y.; et al. A new sintering mechanism,“silver-zipping”, for low-temperature sintering of oxide solid electrolytes. Chem. Eng. J. 2026, 542, 177974.
36.
Kim, K.J.; Balaish, M.; Wadaguchi, M.; et al. Solid-state Li–metal batteries: Challenges and horizons of oxide and sulfide solid electrolytes and their interfaces. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2002689.
37.
Yuan, H.; Lin, W.; Huang, T.; et al. Multiphase Functional Regulation of the Interface between Sulfide Solid-State Electrolyte and Nickel-Rich Cathode. ACS Nano 2026, 20, 5530–5540.
38.
Hao, S.M.; Zhu, J.; He, S.; et al. Water-in-polymer electrolyte with a wide electrochemical window and recyclability. Nat. Sustain. 2024, 7, 661–671.
39.
Angell, C.A.; Liu, C.; Sanchez, E. Rubbery solid electrolytes with dominant cationic transport and high ambient conductivity. Nature 1993, 362, 137–139.
40.
Lin, L.; Zheng, H.; Luo, Q.; et al. Regulating lithium nucleation at the electrolyte/electrode interface in lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2315201.
41.
Xia, S.; Wu, X.; Zhang, Z.; et al. Practical challenges and future perspectives of all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries. Chem. 2019, 5, 753–785.
42.
Han, S.; Wen, P.; Wang, H.; et al. Sequencing polymers to enable solid-state lithium batteries. Nat. Mater. 2023, 22, 1515–1522.
43.
Yu, S.; Siegel, D.J. Grain boundary softening: A potential mechanism for lithium metal penetration through stiff solid electrolytes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 38151–38158.
44.
Li, L.; Cheng, H.; Zhang, J.; et al. Quantitative chemistry in electrolyte solvation design for aqueous batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 2023, 8, 1076–1095.
45.
Chattopadhyay, J.; Pathak, T.S.; Santos, D.M.F. Applications of polymer electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries: A review. Polymers 2023, 15, 3907.
46.
Chang, R.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Weakening Lithium-Ion Coordination in Poly (Ethylene Oxide)-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes for High Performance Solid-State Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2025, 15, 2405906.
47.
Liu, H.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; et al. Interfacial structure design for high-voltage and safe polymer solid-state lithium batteries. ACS Nano 2025, 19, 24669–24700.
48.
Luo, S.; Liu, X.; Gao, L.; et al. A review on modified polymer composite electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries. Sustain. Energy Fuels 2022, 6, 5019–5044.
49.
Jabbari, V.; Yurkiv, V.; Rasul, M.G.; et al. An efficient gel polymer electrolyte for dendrite-free and long cycle life lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 46, 352–365.
50.
Guan, D.H.; Wang, X.X.; Li, L.; et al. Homologous Imide Bonds to Build Polymer-Covalent Organic Framework Electrolytes for Efficient Ion Transport. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 38078–38088.
51.
Xiao, G.; Yang, K.; Qiu, Y.; et al. Dielectric-Tailored Space Charge Layer and Ion Coordination Structure for High-Voltage Polymer All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2415411.
52.
Qu, Y.; Su, C.; Wang, L.; et al. Interface Engineered Electrolyte Design Strategy for Ultralong-Cycle Solid-State Lithium Batteries Over Wide Temperature Range. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202506731.
53.
Han, S.; Liu, S.; Chen, J.; et al. Li-ion Exchange-Driven Interfacial Buffer Layer for All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2405152.
54.
Liu, J.; Deng, B.; Liu, M.; et al. Zwitterionic polyurethane-based solid polymer electrolytes for high-performance solid-state Lithium metal batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2026, 537, 176580.
55.
Zou, J.; Zhang, J.; Wang, L.; et al. An all-from-one strategy to flexible solid-state lithium-ion batteries with decreased interfacial resistance. Sci. China Mater. 2024, 67, 1445–1454.
56.
Chen, X.; Liao, W.; Chen, D.; et al. An ultra-thin composite electrolyte with vertical aligned Li ion transport pathways for all-solid-state lithium metal battery. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2024, 245, 110327.
57.
Rath, P.C.; Hsu, W.L.; Chen, C.C.; et al. Dual interface design of Ga-doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂/polymer composite electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries. Int. J. Energy Res. 2022, 46, 17693–17705.
58.
Idrees, M.; Batool, S.; Din, M.A.U.; et al. Material-structure-property integrated additive manufacturing of batteries. Nano Energy 2023, 109, 108247.
59.
Hanghofer, I.; Gadermaier, B.; Wilkening, A.; et al. Lithium ion dynamics in LiZr₂(PO₄)₃and Li_1.4Ca_0.2Z_1.8(PO₄)₃. Dalton Trans. 2019, 48, 9376–9387.
60.
Su, X.; Xu, X.P.; Ji, Z.Q.; et al. Polyethylene oxide-based composite solid electrolytes for lithium batteries: Current progress, low-temperature and high-voltage limitations, and prospects. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 2024, 7, 2.
61.
Wang, J.; He, T.; Yang, X.; et al. Design principles for NASICON super-ionic conductors. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 5210.
62.
Indurkar, A.; Choudhary, R.; Rubenis, K.; et al. Advances in sintering techniques for calcium phosphates ceramics. Materials 2021, 14, 6133.
63.
Li, Y.; Li, M.; Sun, Z.; et al. Recent advance on NASICON electrolyte in solid-state sodium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2023, 56, 582–599.
64.
Pivarníková, I.; Seidlmayer, S.; Finsterbusch, M.; et al. Understanding the structure and mechanism of Na⁺ diffusion in NASICON solid-state electrolytes and the effect of Sc-and Al/Y-substitution. J. Mater. Chem. A 2025, 13, 14353–14371.
65.
An, H.; Li, M.; Liu, Q.; et al. Strong Lewis-acid coordinated PEO electrolyte achieves 4.8 V-class all-solid-state batteries over 580 Wh/kg. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 9150.
66.
Stephan, A.M. Review on gel polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries. Eur. Polym. J. 2006, 42, 21–42.
67.
Croce, F.; Persi, L.; Scrosati, B.; et al. Role of the ceramic fillers in enhancing the transport properties of composite polymer electrolytes. Electrochim. Acta 2001, 46, 2457–2461.
68.
Cai, D.; Wu, X.; Xiang, J.; et al. Ionic-liquid-containing polymer interlayer modified PEO-based electrolyte for stable high-voltage solid-state lithium metal battery. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 424, 130522.
69.
Huang, Z.X.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, Z.P.; et al. Highly ionic conductive, Self-Healing, Li10GeP2S12-Filled composite solid electrolytes based on reversibly interlocked macromolecule networks for Lithium metal batteries with improved cycling stability. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 16, 42736–42747.
70.
Liu, S.; Ao, Z.; Zou, Y.; et al. Enhanced ionic conductivity of PEO-based solid electrolyte through synergistic dissociation effect. Mater. Lett. 2023, 351, 134981.
71.
Geiger, C.A.; Alekseev, E.; Lazic, B.; et al. Crystal chemistry and stability of “Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂” garnet: A fast lithium-ion conductor. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 50, 1089–1097.
72.
Deng, W.; Wang, Y.L.; Guo, W.; et al. Universal layer-by-layer assembly of integrated electrode for high-rate lithium-ion batteries by carbon nanotube socks. Carbon 2021, 178, 573–580.
73.
Xue, Z.; He, D.; Xie, X. Poly (ethylene oxide)-based electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 19218–19253.
74.
Chen, X.; He, W.; Ding, L.X.; et al. Enhancing interfacial contact in all solid state batteries with a cathode-supported solid electrolyte membrane framework. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 938–944.
75.
Chen, D.; Lou, Z.; Jiang, K.; et al. Device configurations and future prospects of flexible/stretchable lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1805596.
76.
Kim, J.G.; Son, B.; Mukherjee, S.; et al. A review of lithium and non-lithium based solid state batteries. J. Power Sources 2015, 282, 299–322.
77.
Yang, X.; Sun, Q.; Zhao, C.; et al. High-areal-capacity all-solid-state lithium batteries enabled by rational design of fast ion transport channels in vertically-aligned composite polymer electrodes. Nano Energy 2019, 61, 567–575.
78.
Liu, S.; Imanishi, N.; Zhang, T.; et al. Lithium dendrite formation in Li/poly(ethylene oxide)-lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide and N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide/Li cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, A1092.
79.
Riphaus, N.; Stiaszny, B.; Beyer, H.; et al. Understanding chemical stability issues between different solid electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019, 166, A975–A983.
80.
Huo, H.; Wu, B.; Zhang, T.; et al. Anion-immobilized polymer electrolyte achieved by cationic metal-organic framework filler for dendrite-free solid-state batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 18, 59–67.
81.
Liang, J.; Hwang, S.; Li, S.; et al. Stabilizing and understanding the interface between nickel-rich cathode and PEO-based electrolyte by lithium niobium oxide coating for high-performance all-solid-state batteries. Nano Energy 2020, 78, 105107.
82.
Zhou, W.; Wang, Z.; Pu, Y.; et al. Double-layer polymer electrolyte for high-voltage all-solid-state rechargeable batteries. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1805574.
83.
Yu, X.; Manthiram, A. A review of composite polymer-ceramic electrolytes for lithium batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 34, 282–300.
84.
Lee, H.; Yanilmaz, M.; Toprakci, O.; et al. A review of recent developments in membrane separators for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 3857–3886.
85.
Li, Y.; Wu, Y.; Wang, Z.; et al. Progress in solvent-free dry-film technology for batteries and supercapacitors. Mater. Today 2022, 55, 92–109.
86.
Liu, J.; Ludwig, B.; Liu, Y.; et al. Scalable dry printing manufacturing to enable long-life and high energy lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2017, 2, 1700106.
87.
Ludwig, B.; Zheng, Z.; Shou, W.; et al. Solvent-free manufacturing of electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 23150.
88.
Li, X.; You, W.; Wang, L.; et al. Self-assembly-magnetized MXene avoid dual-agglomeration with enhanced interfaces for strong microwave absorption through a tunable electromagnetic property. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 44536–44544.
89.
Choi, K.; Kato, T.; Kim, W. Experimental study on the electrostatic characteristics of L-isoleucine powder. Powder Technol. 2019, 347, 125–129.
90.
Gao, L.; Liang, H.; Li, J.; et al. The high-strength and ultra-thin composite electrolyte using one-step electrospinning/electrostatic spraying process for interface control in all-solid-state lithium metal battery. J. Power Sources 2021, 515, 230622.
91.
Hippauf, F.; Schumm, B.; Doerfler, S.; et al. Overcoming binder limitations of sheet-type solid-state cathodes using a solvent-free dry-film approach. Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 21, 390–398.
92.
Wang, C.; Yu, R.; Duan, H.; et al. Solvent-free approach for interweaving freestanding and ultrathin inorganic solid electrolyte membranes. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 7, 410–416.
93.
Wang, L.; Yin, X.; Jin, C.; et al. Cathode-supported-electrolyte configuration for high-performance all-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2020, 3, 11540–11547.
94.
Bocanegra-Bernal, M.H. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technology and its applications to metals and ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. 2004, 39, 6399–6420.
95.
Leenheer, A.J.; Jungjohann, K.L.; Zavadil, K.R.; et al. Lithium electrodeposition dynamics in aprotic electrolyte observed in situ via transmission electron microscopy. Acs Nano 2015, 9, 4379–4389.
96.
Dubey, R.; Sastre, J.; Cancellieri, C.; et al. Building a better Li-garnet solid electrolyte/metallic Li interface with antimony. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2102086.
97.
Du, A.; Lu, H.; Liu, S.; et al. Breaking the trade-off between ionic conductivity and mechanical strength in solid polymer electrolytes for high-performance solid lithium batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2400808.
98.
Xu, R.; Xiao, Y.; Zhang, R.; et al. Dual-phase single-ion pathway interfaces for robust lithium metal in working batteries. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1808392.
99.
Tao, K.; He, W.; Chen, A.; et al. Harnessing lateral transfer learning for pioneering solid electrolyte interphase innovation. Energy Storage Mater. 2025, 75, 104034.
100.
Li, Q.; Zhang, X.; Peng, J.; et al. Engineering a high-voltage durable cathode/electrolyte interface for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries via in situ electropolymerization. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 21018–21027.
101.
Shen, J.; Lei, Z.; Wang, C. An ion conducting ZIF-8 coating protected PEO based polymer electrolyte for high voltage lithium metal batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 447, 137503.
102.
Ihrig, M.; Finsterbusch, M.; Laptev, A.M.; et al. Study of LiCoO₂/Li7La₃Zr₂O₁₂: Ta interface degradation in all-solid-state lithium batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 11288–11299.
103.
Yoshinari, T.; Koerver, R.; Hofmann, P.; et al. Interfacial stability of phosphate-NASICON solid electrolytes in Ni-rich NCM cathode-based solid-state batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 23244–23253.
104.
Abels, G.; Bardenhagen, I.; Schwenzel, J.; et al. Thermal stability of polyethylene oxide electrolytes in lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide based composite cathodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2022, 169, 020560.
105.
Chen, Y.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, Q.; et al. Armoring LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ cathode with reliable fluorinated organic–inorganic hybrid interphase layer toward durable high rate battery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2000396.
106.
Banerjee, A.; Wang, X.; Fang, C.; et al. Interfaces and interphases in all-solid-state batteries with inorganic solid electrolytes. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 6878–6933.
107.
Guo, Q.; Zheng, J.; Zhu, Y.; et al. Design of a fast ion-transport interlayer on cathode-electrolyte interface for solid-state lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 48, 205–211.
108.
Liu, F.; Cheng, Y.; Zuo, X.; et al. Gradient trilayer solid-state electrolyte with excellent interface compatibility for high-voltage lithium batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 441, 136077.
109.
Chandra, S.; Kim, Y.; Vivona, D.; et al. Thermally-driven reactivity of Li_0.35La_0.55TiO₃ solid electrolyte with LiCoO₂ cathode. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 3485–3494.
110.
Huang, Y.; Shao, B.; Wang, Y.; et al. Solid-state silicon anode with extremely high initial coulombic efficiency. Energy Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 1569–1580.
111.
Nelson, D.L.; Sandoval, S.E.; Pyo, J.; et al. Fracture dynamics in silicon anode solid-state batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 2024, 9, 6085–6095.
112.
Miao, Y.; Yuan, J.; Zhou, L.; et al. Enhancing Hydrogen Production from Photocatalytic Water Splitting over ZnIn₂S₄/Ni-MOF via Magnetically Induced Spin Polarization. Appl. Catal. B Environ. Energy 2026, 387, 126513.
113.
Adenusi, H.; Chass, G.A.; Passerini, S.; et al. Lithium batteries and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)—Progress and outlook. Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2203307.
114.
Wan, Z.; Chen, X.; Zhou, Z.; et al. Atom substitution of the solid-state electrolyte Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂ for stabilized all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. J. Energy Chem. 2024, 88, 28–38.
115.
Wang, C.; Zhao, Y.; Sun, Q.; et al. Stabilizing interface between Li₁₀SnP₂S₁₂ and Li metal by molecular layer deposition. Nano Energy 2018, 53, 168–174.
116.
Xu, X.; Sun, Q.; Li, Y.; et al. Nano silicon anode without electrolyte adding for sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Small 2023, 19, 2302934.
117.
Shin, H.J.; Kim, J.T.; Han, D.; et al. 2D Graphene-Like Carbon Coated Solid Electrolyte for Reducing Inhomogeneous Reactions of All-Solid-State Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2025, 15, 2403247.
118.
Zhong, K.; Zhang, Z.; Zhong, L.; et al. Overview of Molecular Structure Design of Polymeric Functional Binders for Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes. Appl. Energy Sci. 2026, 1, 4.
119.
Huo, H.; Janek, J. Solid-state batteries: From ‘all-solid’ to ‘almost-solid’. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2023, 10, nwad098.
120.
Qiu, H.; Liu, C.; Wu, X.; et al. N-Doped Chitin-Derived Porous Carbon Materials for Anodes of Potassium-Ion Batteries. Appl. Energy Sci. 2026, 1, 3.
121.
Lv, Z.; Liu, J.; Li, C.; et al. High-areal-capacity all-solid-state Li-S battery enabled by dry process technology. Etransportation 2024, 19, 100298.
122.
Machin, A.; Morant, C.; Marquez, F. Advancements and challenges in solid-state battery technology: An in-depth review of solid electrolytes and anode innovations. Batteries 2024, 10, 29.

Scilight Press

Author Information

Abstract

Keywords

References

About Scilight

Journals

Publishing Policies

Contact Us