Post-war multilateral institutions, national policies, public investment and scientific advances contributed to substantial, though unevenly distributed, development gains. Climate change, water-related hazards, environmental degradation, economic instability, debt pressures, conflict and weakening institutional trust increasingly threaten the physical and institutional assets accumulated through decades of development. This article reorients the discussion around a central proposition—protecting development gains requires a shift from reactive risk management towards anticipatory resilience supported by science, Earth observation and frontier technologies. The article develops a conceptual framework linking three ideas such as development gains, resilience and Earth intelligence and examines how the evolution of science, technology and innovation (STI) governance has shaped societies’ capacity to produce and use scientific knowledge. A longitudinal review of seven UNESCO World Science/Science Reports published between 1993 and 2021 is used to trace changes in STI governance across six dimensions, i.e., framing and context, national governance architectures, funding and political economy, international coordination, emerging-technology governance, and implementation capacity. Water resilience is then used as an Earth-observation case study because water simultaneously supports agriculture, settlements, ecosystems, energy and economic activity while also transmitting many climate-related risks. The article demonstrates the complementary roles of Earth observation satellite systems like Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS, SRTM, NISAR, SWOT, GRACE/GRACE-FO, including the techniques as GNSS-Reflectometry and data products as OPERA in observing different components of the water system. It then proposes a Data–Information–Knowledge–Wisdom-Action (DIKWA) pathway through which raw Earth-observation data can be transformed into locally relevant policy action. The central argument is that access to data alone does not generate resilience. Development protection depends on institutional capacity to transform data into information, information into knowledge and knowledge into context-sensitive decisions through the integration of scientific evidence with local wisdom. The article concludes that the post-2030 agenda should place Earth intelligence within an enabling ecosystem of infrastructure, institutions, skills, governance, open and equitable data access and international cooperation. The article defines six policy recommendations concerning development-gain assessments, federated Earth-intelligence infrastructure, durable institutional capacity, inclusive knowledge-sharing, responsible AI governance and iterative monitoring.
- Open Access
- Article
Protecting Development Gains Beyond 2030: From Earth Observation to Resilient Decisions
- Sheikh Tawhidul Islam 1,2,3,*,
- Guifei Jing 1,
- Tan Yumin 1,
- Veronica La Regina 1 and
- Puspendu Biswas Paul 1
Author Information
Received: 09 September 2026 | Revised: 13 October 2026 | Accepted: 15 October 2026 | Published: 27 October 2026
Abstract
Keywords
development gains | resilience | earth intelligence | earth observation | frontier technologies | water resilience | STI governance | DIKWA | SDGs | post-2030 agenda
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