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Toward Collaborative AI: A Framework for the Transition from Autonomous Agents to Adaptive Human-AI Partners

  • Nalan Karunanayake 1,*,   
  • Savindu Nanayakkara 2,   
  • Kasun Gayashan Hettihewa 3,   
  • Upaka Rathnayake 4,*

Received: 09 May 2026 | Revised: 26 Jun 2026 | Accepted: 19 Aug 2026 | Published: 04 Sep 2026

Abstract

Agentic AI systems that reason, plan, and act on complex goals have advanced rapidly across software engineering, scientific discovery, drug development, healthcare, finance, and social simulation. Across these domains a single failure pattern recurs: current systems can execute tasks competently but often struggle to determine when to act, when to pause, when to change strategy, and when to involve a human. Existing reviews catalog agentic architectures, taxonomies, and limitations, but none specify what capabilities these systems must acquire to support dynamic human-AI collaboration. We address that gap. We define collaborative AI as a class of systems that combine generative exploration with autonomous action and calibrate between them based on context, uncertainty, and task demands. We identify four required capabilities: metacognition, contextual mode-switching, uncertainty-aware action, and adaptive human collaboration. We relate these capabilities to established multi-agent systems foundations, including belief-desire-intention architectures, adjustable autonomy, mixed-initiative interaction, and decentralized decision-theoretic control, while specifying the distinct challenges that LLM-based agents introduce. Across the six domains reviewed here, these gaps appear repeatedly and are not solved by current architectures, which positions collaborative AI as a concrete near-term research objective.

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10.53941/ijndi.2026.100021
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Volume 5, Issue 3
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Karunanayake, N.; Nanayakkara, S.; Hettihewa, K. G.; Rathnayake, U. Toward Collaborative AI: A Framework for the Transition from Autonomous Agents to Adaptive Human-AI Partners. International Journal of Network Dynamics and Intelligence 2026, 5 (3), 21. https://doi.org/10.53941/ijndi.2026.100021.
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